Conditions of the Revolutions
The term for a major shift in how people think and therefore act.
What is a paradigm shift?
This estate, which made up 98% of the population, bore the brunt of taxes and had little political power in the Estates-General.
What is the Third Estate?
This event on July 14, 1789 was the first violent act of the French Revolution.
What is the storming of the Bastille?
This European power was in control of the lucrative colony of Saint-Domingue before the revolution
What is France?
The countries that the Latin Americans were trying to gain independence from
What are Spain and Portugal?
This German monk famously nailed his 95 Theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517.
Who is Martin Luther?
The widespread financial instability in France was exacerbated by France’s involvement in this war, which drained the treasury.
What is the American Revolution?
This method of execution became infamous during the Reign of Terror, symbolizing the revolution’s radical turn.
What is the guillotine?
The former slave who led a revolt against the wealthy planters
Who is Toussaint L'Ouverture?
This "Libertador" led revolutionary movements in northern South America, specifically in Gran Colombia
Who is Simón Bolívar?
This key Enlightenment thinker is credited with promoting the idea that individuals' natural rights include life, liberty, and property, which influenced the development of democracy.
Who is John Locke?
This period of bad weather in the 1780s led to widespread famine, skyrocketing bread prices, and mass starvation, intensifying anger towards the monarchy.
What is the Little Ice Age?
This event, which occurred in October 1789, broke out from a bread riot and provoked the royal family to move back to Paris, marking a major shift in power from the King to the people.
What is the Women's March on Versailles?
These were the 5 main social groups in pre-Revolution Saint-Domingue
What are Grand Blancs (wealthy white planters), Petit Blancs (poor white people), gens de couleur libres (free people of color), esclaves (enslaved people), and maroons (escaped slaves)
This proclamation by Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo is cited as the beginning of Mexico's independence movement in 1810.
What is the "Grito de Dolores"?
This Enlightenment thinker advocated for women's rights, stating that they should focus more on getting an education than getting the attention of men.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
This was the nickname of Marie Antoinette, showing the discontent the people felt towards her position as queen.
What is Madame Deficit?
The three reasons Napoleon's Russian campaign failed.
What are... running out of resources, Russia's large army, and Russian winter (cold!)
After the Haitian revolution, France required this to recognize Haiti's independence, leading to Haiti’s crippling national debt for decades.
What is reparations of 150 million francs?
These two Latin American revolutions immediately ended in the formation of new monarchies (not republics)
What are Brazil and Mexico?
Pre-dating Copernicus's discovery of the sun as the center of the universe, most people believed this theory that posited that the Earth was the center of the universe, due to it being stated in the Old Testament.
What is geocentrism?
This French financial advisor to Louis XVI proposed taxing the privileged estates (clergy and nobility), but was dismissed, exacerbating tensions in the country.
Who is Jacques Necker?
The names of the 3 different governments of the French Revolution (from writing a constitution to Napoleon's coup d'état)
What are the Legislative Assembly, the National Convention, and the Directory
Napoleon sent this French general to reassert French control over Saint-Domingue and reinstate slavery, but he was defeated by Haitian forces.
Who is Charles Leclerc?
In this city, a well-trained group of creole revolutionaries seized control and established a junta (military government), but they met resistance from the llaneros (indigenous grassland herders) when trying to progress further inland.
What is Caracas, Venezuela?