atomic model
electrons never...
stay still
orbital
0=s (circle)
1=p (infinity)
2=d (clover)
3=f (3d clover)
explain the following terms: non-polar, polar, ionic, dipole moment
non-polar: electrons shared equally (0.45-)
polar: electrons shared unevenly (0.45-1.7), includes δ+/δ-
ionic: electrons are moved (1.70+)
dipole moment (polar/non-polar molecule): symmetry
what's an intramolecular vs. intermolecular force
intramolecular: within a molecule, strong
intermolecular: between separate molecules
which bond is stronger, sigma or pi
sigma
electrons emit different frequencies of...
light (probabilities vary: shapes)
what's hund's principal
fill each orbital with 1 electron before doubling up
describe the pattern for atomic radius
atoms get bigger going down to the left (Fr is big)
- more electrons in valence shell means smaller radius/more pull
describe these bonds: hydrogen, dispersion, dipole-dipole
hydrogen: attraction between a hydrogen (δ+) and another element (δ-) in another element
- liquid at room temperature. DNA, proteins etc.
dipole-dipole: attraction between a positive (δ+) and negative pole (δ-), just not hydrogen
dispersion: in all molecules due to temporary dipoles (sharing of electrons)
- liquid/gas at room temp. weak
what does n, m, s stand for in electron configurations
n = row (1-7)
m = orientation (-1, 0, -1 etc.)
s = spin (+-1/2)
what's electron probability density
biggest likelihood of finding an electron
what's a degenerate orbital
has the same energy
describe the pattern for ionization
increases going up and to the right (He is the most)
- amount of energy needed to take away from electron (noble gases wanna keep, so their # is high)
describe differences between diamond and graphite
diamond (tetrahedral): shiny, solid, high melting point, hard, can’t conduct electricity
graphite (hexagonal sheet): smooth, black, solid, can conduct electricity
how do you write/draw & the (long & short) electron configuration
write: go down the orbitals as the periodic table does, listing everything (or just go from the noble gas in the row before)
- oxygen: 1s22p4
draw: go down the orbitals as the periodic table does, writing up and down arrows for each electron
what's a quanta
energy needed to get to the next shell (isn't consistent)
what's aufbau principal
electrons are added to an atom starting at the lowest energy and moving to the highest energy orbital
describe the pattern for electronegativity
increases going up and to the right (F is the most) (noble gases not included)
- ability to steal electrons (F wants to take 1 to get full = high, Fr wants to get rid of 1 to be full = low)
explain the following terms: adhesion, cohesion, viscosity
adhesion: attraction between unlike molecules (rises up stem)
cohesion: attraction between like molecules (water stick to water)
viscosity: measure of resistance of flow (honey)
what are the only true magnetic elements
iron, nickel, steel, cobalt
what's the photoelectric effect
electrons travel in waves, particles and both
what's the difference between paramagnetic vs. dimagnetic
paramagnetic: unpaired electrons
magnetic: all paired electrons
describe the pattern for electron affinity
increases going up and to the right (roughly?) (He is the most)
- likelihood the atom can hold its electrons
- fuller the shell and closer to nucleus, more it holds its electrons
explain the following: buckyballs, nanotubes, metallic crystals
buckyballs: C60, high melting point (ball)
nanotubes: buckyball without an end (open)
metallic crystals: conduct heat and electricity, soft (electrons are free to move)
what does VSEPR stand for and what does it mean
system for naming 3D shapes
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion