Homeostasis
What is the term used to describe maintaining a stable internal environment?
Homeostasis
What is a pathogen?
A disease-causing microorganism
Name two examples body's physical barriers in the first line of defence?
Intact Skin, Mucous Membranes, Hair, Ear Wax
What is a stimulus?
A change in the internal or external environment.
What is the purpose of a vaccine?
To stimulate a response from the active immune system.
What body system helps regulate body temperature through sweating?
Integumentary system (skin)
Which type of pathogen causes the flu?
Virus
What type of white blood cell produces antibodies?
B cells
Name two different types of receptors that are found in the human body
Any two of
chemoreceptor
thermoreceptor
osmoreceptor
photoreceptor
Vaccines expose the body to what part of a pathogen?
Antigens
When body temperature rises, blood vessels near the skin surface widen. What is this process called?
Vasodilation
Name four major groups of pathogens.
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, prions
What do antibodies do?
Any of:
clump pathogens
flag pathogens for destruction
deactivate pathogens
Explain the difference between an internal and external stimulus.
Internal stimuli originate inside the body, while external stimuli come from the environment.
Which immune cells create memory after vaccination?
Memory B cells and memory T cells
What type of feedback mechanism is used to maintain body temperature?
Negative feedback
Which pathogen reproduces only inside a host cell?
Virus
Which immune cells directly destroy infected body cells?
T cells (cytotoxic T cells)
Name the two hormones that are involved in blood glucose regulation and the cells that they are released from
Insulin from beta cells
Glucagon from alpha cells
Why might booster shots be required?
To maintain or strengthen immunity by causing the body to create more antibodies.
Name two responses that occur when body temperature becomes too low.
Any two:
Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?
Viruses do not have the cellular structures and are non-living and therefore are not targeted by antibiotics.
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate = non-specific, immediate response.
Adaptive = specific response involving B and T cells.
Put these in order:
Response, Stimulus, Effector, Receptor, CNS
Stimulus → Receptor → CNS → Effector → Response
Explain how vaccination protects a community.
Herd immunity reduces disease spread and protects vulnerable individuals by ensuring the majority of the population has immunity.