Exercise Physiology
This variable equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume and determines how much blood the heart pumps per minute.
What is cardiac output?
This anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions and is commonly associated with flexion and extension movements.
What is the sagittal plane?
This storage form of carbohydrate in muscle and liver is the primary fuel source during moderate to high-intensity exercise.
What is glycogen?
This training principle states that as an athlete adapts to a training stimulus, greater demands must be placed on the body to continue improvement.
What is progressive overload?
This commonly used formula estimates maximal heart rate by subtracting a person’s age from 220.
What is the age-predicted maximal heart rate equation?
This energy system provides most ATP during maximal efforts lasting about 1–10 seconds, such as a heavy lift or short sprint.
What is the ATP–phosphocreatine (phosphagen) system?
This sensory receptor located in tendons detects changes in muscle tension and helps prevent excessive force production.
What is the Golgi tendon organ?
Consuming carbohydrates with this macronutrient after exercise enhances muscle glycogen resynthesis due to increased insulin response.
What is protein?
This resistance training variable, often manipulated by adjusting sets and repetitions, refers to the total amount of work performed in a training session.
What is training volume?
During a graded exercise test, this variable is typically monitored continuously to detect abnormal cardiovascular responses.
What is heart rate?
This principle states that training adaptations are specific to the muscles and type of activity performed.
What is the principle of specificity?
This type of muscle contraction produces force while the muscle lengthens, such as when lowering a dumbbell during a curl.
What is an eccentric contraction?
This fat-soluble vitamin plays a critical role in calcium absorption and bone health and is commonly deficient in indoor athletes.
What is vitamin D?
This neuromuscular adaptation, rather than muscle size, accounts for much of the early strength gains seen in beginners.
What is improved motor unit recruitment (or neural adaptation)?
This rating scale, commonly used during exercise testing, allows participants to subjectively report exercise intensity, typically ranging from 6 to 20.
What is the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale?
The slow component of oxygen uptake during heavy exercise is thought to arise partly from progressive recruitment of these less efficient muscle fibers.
What are Type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers?
This joint classification, found at the shoulder and hip, allows movement in all three planes of motion.
What is a ball-and-socket joint?
During prolonged endurance exercise, this fuel source increasingly contributes to ATP production as glycogen stores decline.
What are fatty acids (fat)?
Exercises like cleans and snatches are commonly used to train this quality, defined as force produced rapidly.
What is power?
This measurement, calculated as oxygen consumption divided by body weight, is commonly used to compare aerobic fitness levels between individuals of different sizes.
What is relative VO₂ (or relative VO₂max)?
After high-intensity exercise, this phenomenon describes the elevated oxygen consumption used to restore ATP, phosphocreatine, and oxygen stores.
What is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)?
When sensory information from muscles and joints allows you to know limb position without looking, you are using this sense.
What is proprioception?
This process forms glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and glycerol during prolonged exercise or fasting.
What is gluconeogenesis?
This tapering strategy reduces training volume while maintaining intensity in the days or weeks before competition to maximize performance and recovery.
What is a taper?
During exercise testing, a drop in systolic blood pressure with increasing workload is considered abnormal and may indicate this underlying cardiovascular problem.
What is myocardial ischemia (or coronary artery disease)?