Cell Structures
What is the jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen in a cell?
Cytoplasm
What type of microscope uses light to view specimens?
Light microscope
What is the name of the process where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells?
Mitosis
What is the movement of particles from a high to a low concentration called
Diffusion
What is a stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell that can become other types of cells
Which part of the cell is responsible for respiration?
Mitochondria
Which organelle controls the activities of the cell?
Nucleus
What is the total magnification of a microscope with a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective lens?
400x
What happens during the interphase of the cell cycle?
The cell grows and DNA is replicated
What is osmosis?
The movement of water from a dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
Where are stem cells found in humans (list both answers)?
Embryos AND adult bone marrow
What is the name of the process by which cells become specialised?
Cell differentiation
Name one structure found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
Cell wall, chloroplasts, or permanent vacuole
What is the advantage of an electron microscope over a light microscope?
Higher resolution and magnification
For what reason would a cell undergo mitosis / cell division?
For growth, repair, and asexual reproduction (2 out of 3 listed in answer needed)
Give one example of diffusion in the human body.
Oxygen diffusing into blood in the lungs
What is one potential use of stem cells in medicine?
Treating conditions like paralysis or diabetes
Name one adaptation of a sperm cell and explain its function.
Tail for swimming to the egg.
Lots of mitochondria for swimming.
Enzymes in acrosome(head).
Half of usual genetic material for fertilisation.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
What is the formula for calculating magnification?
Magnification = Image size รท Actual size
A lung cell has 46 chromosomes. After it undergoes mitosis and cell division two new daughter cells are produced. How many chromosomes does each have?
46 chromosomes
What is active transport?
The movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy
What is therapeutic cloning?
Creating an embryo with the same DNA as the patient to produce stem cells
Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria?
To release energy via respiration.
Compare the DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic DNA is a single circular strand, not in a nucleus; eukaryotic DNA is linear and enclosed in a nucleus.
A cell appears 2 mm long under a microscope. If the actual size is 0.02 mm, what is the magnification?
100x
Describe what happens during cytokinesis (last step of cell cycle).
The cytoplasm divides, forming two separate cells
Why do root hair cells use active transport?
To absorb minerals from the soil, even when the concentration is lower outside the cell
Give one ethical concern about using embryonic stem cells.
It involves the destruction of embryos, which some believe is morally wrong.
A student observes onion cells under a microscope. Name two features (organelles) they would see.
See: cell wall, nucleus