General
Methods, Results, Discussion!
True or False
100

HGT is a cause of concern for many healthcare providers because of the potential to spread these.

What is ARG?(antimicrobial resistance genes)

100

The organization that gathered samples for the project. 

What is the Global Microbiome Conservancy 


(really cool multi-continental organization!) 

100

There are about a million individual bacteria in your gut.

FALSE, most estimates are over 10 trillion!

200

Infants born by c-section may have higher rates of this chronic lung disease due to changes in microbiota

What is asthma

200

These enzymes are involved in the breakdown/assembly of complex carbohydrates and are critical to breaking down your food!

(pg. 2062)

What is CAZyme?

(The researchers find that CAZymes are found more in bacteria in non-industrialized countries that eat more fiber and hard-to-digest foods!)

200

Adding new genes through HGT more often than not increases the total size of the genome 

What is FALSE

Gene gains correlates with gene loss as well! The total proteome size tends to stay the same.

300

A difference of one nucleotide when comparing two homologous genes.

What is an SNP?

300

These factors are thought to contribute to microbiome changes in industrialized nations.

What is 

sanitation

processed food,

C-sections,

antibiotics?



300

Industrialized societies are associated with more microbial diversity.

What is FALSE.

400

The phenomena that explains why the bacteria that a newborn is exposed to may effect their future microbiome

what is priority effects?

400

A high-effort technique that can distinguish differences between all genes in a bacteria, as in the paper.

What is whole-genome sequencing.

400

Gram negative bacteria seem to engage in more HGT.

TRUE! (Figure 5).

500

These DNA elements are propagated highly through HGT but aren't always beneficial to their organisms. 

What is selfish DNA

or toxin-antitoxin systems?

500

These types of bacteria may both be present in inflamed conditions and be especially prone to HGT. (pg. 2062).

What are oxygen-tolerant and pathogen species?


The researchers believe the conditions of industrialized environments cause inflammation, which may in turn provide a good environment for HGT-prone bacteria.

500

Microbiome and microbiota are synonyms.

What is FALSE. Microbiome is the genes, biota is the organisms themselves!