Review Ch 1-3
What term do we use to when we mean to say an argument is logical?
Validity
What is a judgment?
A judgment is the act by which the intellect unite s by affirming or separates by denying. (something is ___ or something is not ______)
What do contradictory statements differ in?
Both quantity and quality
What is distribution in your own words?
Book definition: The status of a term in regard to its extension
Something along the lines of: distributed = refers to all members of the class of thing the term is talking about
What diagram helps us visually see the given notes of a term?
The Porphyrian Tree
What are the three elements of any proposition?
Which law states that two contradictory statements cannot both be true at the same time, nor can they both be false at the same time?
The First Law of Opposition
What are the steps of obversion?
1. Change the quality of the sentence
2. Negate the predicate
What is the difference between comprehension and extension?
Comprehension is the total notes. Extension is the sum of the real things referred to by the sum.
Turn the following sentence into a logically formed sentence:
The big, fat bear eats all the honey in the woods.
The big, fat bear is an an animal who eats all the honey in the woods.
(any 'subject-term' is/are 'predicate term')
What combination of statements can be found to be contrary? Why?
A and E
Because they are both universals, but differ in qualiity
Some dogs are mutts.
Some dogs are not non-mutts.
Give an example of an equivocal term.
(Terms that are spelled and pronounced the exact same, but have different and related meanings.)
Some possible examples: pitcher (baseball) vs. pitcher (water), plane (mathematics) vs. plane (airplane), jar (hard knock against something) vs. jar (holds something)
What form do the following categorically propositions take?
A, E, I, and O
A: All S is P
I: Some S is P
E: No S is P
O: Some S is not P
What are subalterns?
Subalterns are two statements that have the same quality, but different quantities.
How do we identify the major term, minor term, and middle term of a syllogism?
The major term is the predicate of the conclusion. (S)
The minor term is the subject of the conclusion. (P)
The middle term is the term that is found in both premises, but not the conclusion. (M)
Simple Apprehension (-> term)
Judgment (-> proposition)
Deductive Inference (-> syllogism)
Summarize the quality and quantity of each statement: A, E, I, O
A: Affirmative-Universal
I: Affirmative-Particular
E: Negative-Universal
O: Negative-Particular
DAILY DOUBLE!
Set a timer for 60 seconds and see if you can draw the square of opposition in that time
(Page 49)
Explain the distribution of all terms in the following statements: A, E, I, O
A: Subject-term in distributed, predicate-term is undistributed
I: Subject-term is undistributed, predicate-term is undistributed
E: Subject-term is distributed, predicate-term is distributed
O: Subject-term is undistributed, predicate-term is distributed