Week 9:
Gene expression can be regulated at these three major stages: DNA, RNA, and protein.
What are transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational regulation?
These RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides can regulate gene expression without coding for proteins.
What are long noncoding RNAs?
These amphiphilic molecules, which make up about 50% of the mass of most animal cell membranes, have a polar head group containing phosphate and two hydrocarbon tails that influence membrane fluidity
What are phospholipids?
This small molecule can cross the membrane without a protein carrier at physiologically relevant rates.
What is nitric oxide (NO)?
This molecule must bind CAP to activate transcription of the Lac operon under low glucose conditions.
What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
These 21-23 nucleotide double-stranded RNAs can be introduced experimentally to knock down specific gene expression, making them powerful research tools.
What are siRNAs?
These groups, made from three 5-carbon isoprenoid repeats, help certain proteins attach to the inside of the cell membrane
What are prenyl groups?
This type of transporter moves two different ions or small molecules across the membrane in opposite directions.
What is an antiporter?
This structural motif uses coordinated zinc ions to stabilize its fold and bind DNA.
What is zinc finger?
In female mammals, this process randomly inactivates one of the two X chromosomes in each cell to equalize gene dosage with males, who have only one X chromosome.
What is X-chromosome inactivation?
These proteins cross the lipid bilayer multiple times and can create a hydrophilic path through its hydrophobic core
What are transmembrane proteins?
This equation predicts the equilibrium membrane potential for a single ion based on internal and external concentrations.
What is the Nernst equation?
This operon uses both an activator (CAP) and a repressor to regulate lactose metabolism.
What is the Lac operon?
Alternative splicing rearranges segments of the pre-mRNA transcript using these molecular machines, whereas RNA editing uses deaminase enzymes to chemically alter specific bases.
What are spliceosomes?
Name of the molecules that are amphiphilic, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, and are used to break apart membranes
What are detergents?
This phase occurs when K+ channels open during neuronal signaling, causing + ions to exit the neuron and returning the membrane to resting value.
What is repolarization?
This modification of histones often correlates with transcriptional activation by loosening chromatin structure.
What is histone acetylation?
The Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes result from deletions of the same chromosomal region but cause different disorders depending on whether the deletion is inherited from mother or father, demonstrating this phenomenon.
What is genomic imprinting?
Bacteriorhodopsin uses this type of energy to pump H⁺ ions out of the cell
What is light energy?
This ion channel is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase which allows nerve impulses to propagate along the axon.
What are voltage-gated Na+ channels?