Memory Basics
This is the process of converting external stimuli into memories.
encoding
Focusing on the visual components of information, such as what a word looks like, is this type of processing.
structural processing
This type of memory has a large capacity but lasts only a very short time.
sensory memory
This type of memory test requires you to produce information without being given answer choices, such as an open-ended question.
recall
Forgetting information because it was never properly put into memory in the first place is called this.
ineffective encoding
This is the process of taking a memory out of storage so that you can currently use it.
retrieval
Focusing on the sound of a stimulus is this type of processing.
phonemic processing
Miller suggested that this memory system can typically hold about 5–9 pieces of information.
short-term memory
This type of memory test provides a cue to help you retrieve information, such as a multiple-choice question.
recognition
When old information interferes with your ability to remember new information, this type of interference occurs.
proactive interference
This refers to the pattern of reaction in the brain associated with a memory.
engram
Focusing on the meaning of information represents this deeper level of processing.
semantic processing
Remembering how to ride a bike is an example of this type of long-term memory.
procedural memory
A student remembers information more easily when they are in the same environment where they originally studied it. This demonstrates what principle?
context-dependent retrieval
When new information interferes with your ability to remember old information, this type of interference occurs.
retroactive interference
These are elements that make it more likely that you will activate a particular memory. For example, hearing “birthday” may bring back memories of past birthdays.
cues
A student remembers information by thinking about how it connects to information they already know. What type of processing is this?
organizational processing
Remembering how to ride a bike is an example of this type of long-term memory.
declarative memory
A student sees the word “pizza” and suddenly remembers going to a pizza restaurant with friends. What memory concept describes how activating one piece of information can activate related information?
associative network
A student remembers something correctly but attributes it to the wrong person or source. What memory error is this?
misattribution
According to the notes, all three major memory processes must occur for successful memory. Name them.
encoding, storage, and retrieval
In the Craik & Tulving study, participants remembered significantly more words when they processed them based on what two aspects?
phonemic and semantic processing
A student remembers their 18th birthday, including where they were, who attended, and what happened. What type of memory is this?
episodic memory
A student cannot remember their professor's name, but after someone gives them the first letter, they suddenly remember it. This is an example of what retrieval problem and strategy?
After hearing someone else describe an event differently, a person changes their own memory of what happened. What memory problem does this demonstrate?
suggestibility