Pancreas Physiology
These cells are found in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) and secrete insulin in response to increased ATP due to elevated glucose
What are beta cells?
This type of diabetes mellitus is less common overall and has a higer prevalence in scandinavian countries
What is Type I Diabetes Mellitus?
These are the three P's that describe the classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus
This is the most common cause of death in diabetic patients
What is Myocardial Infarction?
Due to atherosclerosis from nonenzymatic glycation of large vessels (coronary arteries)
Often the first-line treatment for Typ II diabetese mellitus, this biguanide works to decrease gluconeogenesis in the liver
What is metformin?
This hormone is secreted by the pancreas and works to counter the effects of insulin (it also activates insulin)
This hyperglycemic emergency is usually associated with a blood glucose > 600mg/dL
What is Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?
This range of HbA1c values classifies prediabetes
What is 5.7% - 6.5%?
This molecule is similar to glucose, causing an osmotic effect that contributes to osmotic damage in neurons causing neuropathy
What is Sorbitol?
Glucose --(aldol reductase)--> Sorbitol
This form of insulin is intermediate-acting and can be administered through subcutaneous injection
What is NPH Insulin (Novolin)?
These two tissues/cell types have GLUT4 receptors, which are dependent on insulin to allow glucose transport into the cell
What is fat and skeletal muscle?
This type of diabetes mellitus is more strongly associated with genetic predisposition
What is Type II Diabetes Mellitus?
This hyperglycemic emergency presents with elevated ketone bodies in the blood
This complication of diabetes mellitus occurs because of damage to the lens
What is cataracts?
This class of diabetes drugs works to close K+ channels on pancreatic beta cells and is associated with severe hypoglycemia as an adverse effect
What are Sulfonylureas (also Meglitinides)?
Insulin binds to this type of receptor on target cell membranes
What is the Tyrosine-kinase receptor?
This life-threatening syndrome, which can occur during the treatment of a malnourished diabetic patient, is characterized by a dangerous "shift" and drop in blood levels of Phosphorus, Potassium, and Magnesium.
What is refeeding syndrome?
The rising levels of ketones in the blood promote this physical response for patients in DKA
What is nausea and vomiting?
DKA patients are at risk for this fungal infection which causes facial swelling and ulcers that turn black
What is murcomycosis?
This long-lasting insulin is used to maintain a basal level of insulin in Type I diabetics
What is insulin glargine?
Insulin inhibits these two glucose-related processes in the liver
What is Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis?
While the total body stores of this electrolyte are often depleted during DKA, its blood levels can initially appear high due to the lack of insulin and the acidic state of the blood.
This type of diabetes mellitus will show elevated C-peptide during the early stages of the disease
What is T2DM?
This specific kind of neuropathy causes the stomach to empty too slowly, causing bloating and nausea
What is gastroparesis?
What are the three things given to patients to treat HHS or DKA?
glucose can be given too (to prevent hypoglycemia with insulin treatment)