😥
Too low HR name and definition
Too high HR name and definition
Bradycardia- 60 bpm or less
Tachycardia- 100 bpm or more
What are the two kinds of cardiac cells?
Autorhymic/Pacemaker and Contractile
What does PMCA do?
Remove calcium from cytoplasm
What makes the heart beat at 100 bpm?
SA node
What do sodium channels do in autorhythmic cells?
Bring up to threshold, funny/leaky channels
Oh no! You have two patients- one in atrial fibrillation and one in atrial flutter! Which do you shock?
Bonus points if you can say all the shockable rhythms and why those need to be shocked
Neither!
Shockable- V tach and V fib. Not adequate enough, need to restart the heart
What makes Sodium funny channels funny?
Become more negative, they open to let sodium in
What receptor is used for Calcium induced Calcium Release?
DHPR
What receptor puts Calcium back into sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac cells?
SERCA
Purpose of cardiac contractile cell plateau at a cellular level
Bonus points for why it is at the organ level
To let cell fully relax and prevent summation in muscle tissue
Bonus- to let the atria and ventricles fill up with blood without contracting
Autorhymic cell RMP and threshold
-60 and -40
Thin skeletal muscle filaments consist of what 3 parts?
Actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
What makes sure the conduction of the heart goes to the AV node instead of to the ventricles?
Connective tissue in cardiac skeleton
Oh no! The SA node isn't working anymore! How fast is the heart beating? Is the whole heart beating adequately?
Atria aren't contracting but 80% of blood is still flowing through
CO equation
CO= HR * SV
SV= EDV - ESV
What are the three main waves of an EKG? What do they each do?
P wave- depolarization of atria
QRS complex- depolarization of ventricles
T wave- repolarization of ventricles
Excitatory cells are contracted where in the heart?
*in order!
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Left and Right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
What opens the aortic semilunar valve?
*think wiggers diagram
What closes the aortic semilunar valve?
Higher pressure in ventricles compared to aorta
Lower pressure in ventricles compared to aorta
What channel causes repolarization in autorhythmic cells? Contractile?
Calcium
Sodium
What channels contribute to repolarization in autorhythmic cells? contractile?
Potassium
Step 1 of autorthymic cells
Leaky funny sodium channels open and Na+ goes into the cell, hitting the threshold (-40)
Step 2 of autorythmic cells
Depolarization bc Voltage gated Calcium open and there's a Calcium influx
Step 3 of autorthymic cells
Repolarization due to K+ channels opening and K+ efflux
Step 0 and 1 of AP of a contraticle cell
Before 0- Ions going through gap junctions
0- Sodium channels open and sodium influx- depolarization, activation and deactivation gates are both open
1- Na channels inactivate, brief depolarization due to transient K+ efflux
Step 2 and 3 of AP of a contractile cell
2- Calcium channels open and K+ channels are open so plateau
3- Calcium channels close and slow K+ channels open so repolarization