Roots & Shoots
What are three main functions of roots?
Anchoring the plant, absorbing water and mineral, and storing food.
What are the three main plant tissue systems?
Dermal, ground, and vascular tissue
Which ground tissue cell type is thin-walled, living, and involved in metabolism?
Parenchyma
Which vascular tissue transports water and minerals?
Xylem
What process in leaves produces sugars using light energy?
Photosynthesis
What type of root system is typical of monocots and consists of many thin roots?
A fibrous root system
Which tissue system covers and protects the plant body?
Dermal tissue
Which cell type provides flexible support in young plant tissues?
Collenchyma
Which vascular tissue transports sugars and other organic molecules?
Phloem
What structures in leaves allow gas exchange?
Stomata
What structure increase the SA of roots for absorption?
Root hairs
Which tissue system makes up most of the plant and is involved in photosynthesis and storage?
Ground tissue
Which ground tissue cell type is dead at maturity and has thick, lignified walls?
Sclerenchyma
Are xylem cells alive or dead at functional maturity?
Dead
What process causes water to move upward through xylem?
Transpiration
What is the difference between a node and an internode?
A node is where leaves attach to the stem, and an internode is the stem segment between nodes.
Which tissue system is responsible for transporting materials throughout the plant?
Ground tissue
Why are sclerenchyma cells important for plant survival on land?
They provide rigid structural support.
What are the two main types of water-conducting cells in xylem?
Tracheids and vessel elements
What theory explains water movement through xylem using cohesion and tension?
The cohesion–tension theory
How do roots and shoots depend on each other for survival?
Roots supply water and minerals to shoots, while shoots supply sugars to roots.
Why is vascular tissue essential for large plants but less critical for very small plants?
Large plants need long-distance transport of water and sugars, which diffusion alone cannot accomplish.
Why are collenchyma cells more common in growing regions than sclerenchyma cells?
Collenchyma cells can stretch and grow with the plant, while sclerenchyma cells cannot.
Why do sieve tube elements lack a nucleus and ribosomes?
To provide more space for efficient sugar transport.
Why does increased transpiration increase the rate of water transport in xylem?
It increases tension in the xylem, pulling water upward more strongly.