Prokaryotic Cells
This major cell feature is missing in prokaryotes, meaning the DNA floats freely (DOK 1)
What is a Nucleus?
This major cellular structure houses and protects the cell's genetic material (DNA) in a double membrane. (DOK 1)
What is the nucleus?
Because bacteria lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, they are classified under this domain name for simple, single-celled organisms. (DOK 1)
What are prokaryotes?
Because viruses lack a cell membrane, cannot make energy, and must rely on a host cell to reproduce, they are categorized by scientists under this non-living classification. (DOK 1)
What is non-living? (not alive)
This fast-acting viral cycle gets its name from the fact that it immediately destroys the host cell by rupturing or bursting the cell membrane open. (DOK 1)
What is lytic cycle?
This is the shape of a plasmid, the small piece of extra-chromosomal DNA found in prokaryotic cells. (DOK 1)
What is circular? (a circle)
The mitochondrion is known as the "powerhouse of the cell" because it provides the cell with ATP, which the cell burns for this fundamental need. (DOK 1)
What is Energy?
To protect their inner cell membrane and maintain their distinct microscopic shapes, bacteria encase themselves in this rigid outer layer. (DOK 1)
What is a cell wall?
Unlike a bacterium that is encased in a thick cell wall, a virus utilizes a protein shell called a capsid to protect this vital inner core of instructions. (DOK 1)
What is DNA? (will accept genetic material)
Unlike the destructive lytic cycle, a virus in this stealthy cycle inserts its own DNA into the host cell's chromosome, allowing it to hide and replicate silently. (DOK 1)
What is lysogenic cycle?
Whether it is a simple prokaryotic bacterium or a complex eukaryotic cell, moving nutrients from an uncrowded outside environment into an already crowded interior requires ATP and uses this type of transport. (DOK 2)
What is active transport?
While prokaryotic bacteria package their genetic material into a continuous, looping circle, eukaryotic human cells stretch their double-helix DNA into chromosomes of this open, straight-line shape. (DOK 2)
What is linear?
Even though a virus is not considered alive and a bacterium is, both must carry this universal biological instruction manual used to store the code for making traits. (DOK 2)
What is genetic material? (also accept DNA)
During the very first step of viral reproduction, a virus must use its surface proteins to link up with a host cell membrane, a process known by this name. (DOK 1)
What is attachment?
When a host bacterium reproduces via binary fission, a hidden lysogenic virus takes advantage of the event by forcing the host cell to perform this action for the viral DNA. (DOK 2)
What is replicate? (will accept copy itself)
Because prokaryotic cells lack these membrane-bound structures, they cannot separate their cellular jobs into different internal rooms like a eukaryotic cell can. (DOK 2)
What are membrane bound organelles?
Both the endosymbiotic and autogenous theories try to explain the ancient evolutionary process that turned simple prokaryotic ancestors into this complex type of cell.
What are eukaryotic cells?
While a virus is a parasite that relies entirely on a host cell’s machinery to copy itself, a free-living bacterium utilizes asexual reproduction. This unique reproductive ability allows bacteria to do this.
What is replicate independently? (also accept reproduce on its own)
Scientists changed a host cell's ribosomes so they refuse to read viral instructions. Because of this change, a virus can still sneak inside the cell, but it will fail at this specific step where it tries to build its new viral parts. (DOK 2)
What is replicate? (also accept make a copy of themselves)
Shingles is a painful skin rash caused by a dormant viral infection that suddenly wakes up after hiding in a patient's nerve cells for decades, meaning the virus shifted from this quiet, hiding cycle into the destructive lytic cycle. (DOK 2)
What is the lysogenic cycle?
If a bacterium finds itself in a patient taking penicillin, it will need a separate, smaller loop of DNA called a plasmid that provides this specific type of advantage to survive the treatment. (DOK 2)
What is antibiotic resistance?
Found in both simple prokaryotes and complex eukaryotes, vital instructions like DNA and RNA belong to this specific class of large biological macromolecules responsible for storing the genetic code. (DOK 2)
What are Nucleic Acids?
Unlike a virus that is not alive, a living bacterium must consume food and create energy in the form of ATP, proving it is constantly performing these internal cell tasks that work like a tiny engine to keep it alive. (DOK 2)
What is metabolism? (What are chemical reactions?)
An antiviral drug successfully blocks a virus from popping the host cell's membrane open to escape. While this stops the infection from spreading to new cells, the drug ultimately fails to save the original host cell because of this earlier step in the lytic cycle. (DOK 3)
What is assembly? (will accept that the cell was already full of viruses)
During the active lytic cycle, a bacteriophage virus hijacks a cell, forces it to make copies of the virus, then does this to the host cell.
What is burst it open? (lyse it)