Study Design
What type of study follows participants over time to assess outcomes?
What is a cohort study?
What is the mean of the following data: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10?
What is 6?
What does a p-value <0.05 generally indicate?
What is statistical significance?
What is selection bias?
What is a systematic error in choosing participants for a study?
What is statistical power?
What is the probability of detecting an effect if one exists?
This study type compares participants with a disease to those without.
What is a case-control study?
What measure of central tendency is most affected by outliers?
What is the mean?
What test is used to compare means between two interdependent groups?
What is a t-test?
What is confounding?
What is a third variable that is related to both the exposure and the outcome, distorting their association?
What is a type I error?
What is rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (false positive)?
What is the primary advantage of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
What is reducing confounding through randomization?
What is the standard deviation a measure of?
What is the spread of variability of data around the mean?
What statistical test is used for categorical variables in a 2x2 table?
What is a chi-square test (or Fisher's exact test)?
What is information bias?
What is error due to inaccurate measurement of exposure or outcome?
What is a type II error?
What is failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false (false negative)?
A cross-sectional study is best suited for studying what?
What is prevalence?
Which plot is best for visualizing the distribution of one continuous variable?
What is a histogram?
What does a 95% confidence interval tell you?
What is the range within which the true value is expected to fall 95% of the time?
How can randomization help control confounding?
What is by evenly distribution both known and unknown confounders between groups?
Increasing the sample size will do what to the power of a study?
What is increase it?
What is the difference between a pragmatic and explanatory trial?
What is that pragmatic trials assess effectiveness in real-world settings, whereas explanatory trials assess efficacy in ideal settings?
What does the interquartile range represent?
What is the middle 50% of the data (between the 25th and 75th percentiles)?
What is the key assumption of linear regression?
What is that the relationship between the independent and dependent variable is linear?
What is the purpose of stratification in analysis?
What is to control for confounding by analyzing subgroups?
Which four factors affect sample size calculations?
What are expected effect size, power, significance level (alpha), and variability of the outcome?