B8.1/8.2
8.3/8.4
9.1
9.2
9.3/9.4
100
Name the two different tissues that plants use to transport substances
Xylem
Phloem
100
Label the Xylem and Phloem in this diagram.
Xylem = A
Phloem = E
100
What allows for the one way flow of blood in the circulatory system?
Valves
100
Label the Diagram in order (except 3 and 10)
1- Vena Cava
2- Right Atrium
5- Right Ventricle
4- Septum
6- Pulmonary Artery
8- Pulmonary Vein
9- Left Atrium
11- Left Ventricle
7- Aorta
100
State the main function of the red blood cells
- To carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body.
200
Which substances are transported by the xylem and phloem?
Water
Sugars/Food Substances
200
Define translocation.
This term describes the movement of sugars and other organic nutrients through the phloem from photosynthetic areas to other parts of the plant.
200
State what the circulatory system consists of and their function
The circulatory system consists of:
a pump (the heart) to keep the blood moving
blood vessels to carry blood
valves to make sure that the blood flows in one direction only.
200
State three foods that can increase chances of CHD
Red Meat (Processed Food)
Chips/Chocolate
Butter (Fatty Foods)
- Any other correct answers
200
What happens when you get a cut or a wound?
It starts bleeding and within a short time a clot, a plug of platelets, forms to prevent loss of blood from damaged vessels.
300
State the main function and adaptation of a root hair cell.
- To take in (absorbs) water and minerals (mineral ions accepted) from the soil
- To increase surface area of the roots to increase the absorbing of nutrients
300
Explain how the structure of a leaf facilitates efficient gas exchange
The leaf has a flat, thin structure that maximizes surface area for gas exchange.
300
What are the differences in the structures of arteries and veins and why?
Arteries have thick and stretchy walls of muscle tissue to be able to handle the high pressure blood carried away from the heart and veins have thinner walls with valves to allow for more blood flow
300
How do health workers monitor the activity of the heart?
electrocardiogram (ECG)
listening to the sounds of valves closing
determining the pulse rate.
300
Name all the components of blood and briefly explain their functions if possible.
plasma – a watery fluid which transports blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide in the blood
platelets – fragments of cells that are involved in clotting, for example, if the skin is damaged and bleeding begins
red blood cells/white blood cells.
400
Describe the pathway of water from the soil to the leaves
Soil → root hair cells → root cortex cells → xylem → mesophyll cells
Root hair cells: Water and mineral ions are absorbed into the root hair cells.
Root cortex: Water moves into the root cortex cells from the root hair cells.
Xylem: Water moves from the root cortex cells into the xylem in the stem.
Leaves: Water moves from the xylem into the mesophyll cells of leaves, where it is used in photosynthesis.
400
State and explain three environmental factors that affect the rate of transpiration in plants.
Temperature
Humidity
Wind Speed
Higher temperatures increase the rate of evaporation of water from the leaf surface. The increased heat causes the water molecules to move faster, allowing more water vapor to escape through the stomata.
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. When the surrounding air is dry (low humidity), the concentration gradient between the leaf's internal water vapor and the outside air is steeper, promoting faster water loss.
Wind moves the water vapor away from the leaf surface, reducing the humidity directly around the stomata and increasing the concentration gradient for water vapor.
400
Explain the advantage of a double circulatory system over a singular circulatory system
It allows oxygenated blood to be separated from deoxygenated blood, which increases the efficiency of oxygen transport and energy production in the body.
400
Explain the way blood flows in the heart
Deoxygenated blood comes to the vena cava, into the right atrium, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. After picking up oxygen through diffusion, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the rest of the body through the aorta.
400
Describe the white blood cells, how they can be seen, and their function.
They have a large, lobed nucleus and are almost colourless. They must be stained so they can be seen clearly with a microscope White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system. Depending on the type of cell, they can ingest and destroy pathogens (a process called phagocytosis), or they can produce antibodies.
500
Define Phloem mentioning its ways of transportation, position, and functions in a plant
Phloem is a type of vascular tissue in plants responsible for transporting food, primarily sugars produced through photosynthesis, from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Located alongside xylem in the vascular bundles, phloem transports nutrients through a process called translocation, which occurs via active and passive transport mechanisms. Its primary function is to ensure the plant's growth, energy storage, and overall development by distributing essential substances throughout the plant.
500
Explain the process of translocation in plants and how it differs from the movement of water in xylem.
Translocation is the movement of organic nutrients, especially sugars, from the leaves (where they are produced during photosynthesis) to other parts of the plant. This occurs through the phloem and requires energy (active transport). Unlike water movement in xylem, which relies on passive processes like capillary action, translocation involves both active and passive processes to ensure sugars move to areas of need or storage.
500
Define capillaries mentioning why is it important for them to be so close to every cell in the body.
Capillaries are delicate blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout your body.
The cells of the body need a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen. Other substances must also enter and leave these cells. These exchanges are possible because of the very thin walls of the capillaries. The network of capillaries in the human body is so extensive that no cell in the body is more than three or four cells away from a capillary.
500
Define the coronary heart disease and what happens when a coronary artery gets blocked and its effect.
The disease that arises when the coronary arteries are unable to supply oxygen rich blood to the heart muscles due to blockages in them
If a coronary artery gets blocked, the cardiac muscles that depend on it cannot produce enough energy for contraction. As a result, this heart muscle will be damaged and may die because of the loss of blood supply.
500
Explain the structure and function of arteries in the human circulatory system. How do the elastic tissues in the arterial walls help maintain smooth blood flow, and why can changes in blood pressure be easily felt at certain points on the body?
Blood flowing out of the heart enters the arteries at high pressure because of the contractions of the muscular ventricles. The walls of the artery stretch and are usually strong enough to withstand this pressure. They contain elastic tissues that respond to the rhythmic changes in blood pressure. These tissues stretch and relax, making the flow of blood smoother. The changes are felt easily where an artery passes close to the skin surface