The Renaissance and Reformation
Explain why Martin Luther started his own church.
He disagreed with the Catholic Church’s practice of selling indulgences (money to get into heaven faster). He nailed the 95 Theses to a church door criticizing these indulgences, He was excommunicated and started his own church (Lutheran).
Explain the main achievement of Vasco da Gama.
The first European (Portuguese) to sail east around Africa to Asia, established a trade route for spices in India
Explain the main achievement/discovery of Nicholas Copernicus.
he popularized the heliocentric theory (the idea that the Sun is at the center of our solar system and the planets revolve around the Sun)
Explain the social contract.
People surrender some of their rights and freedom in return for security and protection from a government.
Absolute monarchy-a king or queen has complete and total authority to make political, military, and economic decisions in their kingdom
Divine right-a king or queen is ordained by God to rule over their kingdom (to disagree with a king or queen is to directly disagree with God)
Explain the ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft.
Promoted equal opportunities in education for women; women are rational beings.
Explain the significance of the Tennis Court Oath.
Representatives of the third estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly, they get locked out of the meeting hall, the representatives go to a nearby tennis court, they make a promise to each other to keep fighting until they create a fair and equal government.
What type of government did the United States establish?
Republic (citizens vote for representatives who make laws on their behalf), three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), Bill of Rights
Define urbanization. Tenements.
Urbanization-mass migration of people from rural areas to the cities
Tenement-large apartment buildings with very small rooms where many people lived together in uncomfortable and unhygienic (dirty) conditions.
Explain Thomas Malthus's population theory.
war, disease, and famine were natural means of population control; if people did not die from these things, there would not be enough resources for the survivors
Describe the main characteristics of Northern Renaissance art.
Attention to very small details (natural realism), drawings of everyday, ordinary peasant life shading, perspective, oil painting, religious inspiration, Ancient Greece and Rome as sources of influence
Explain the goals and achievements of Hernando Cortes.
He wanted to conquer the Aztec Empire because he wanted their gold, he defeated the Aztecs with superior technology, by spreading diseases, and made alliances with smaller enemy tribes
Explain the main achievement/discovery of Anton von Leeuwenhoek.
he invented the microscope allowing humans to see mono-cellular organisms
Define absolute monarchy. Divine right.
Absolute monarchy-a king or queen has complete and total authority to make political, military, and economic decisions in their kingdom.
Divine right-a king or queen is ordained by God to rule over their kingdom (to disagree with a king or queen is to directly disagree with God)
Summarize the beliefs of Voltaire.
He was a deist (he believed in God that created the universe) but he did not trust organized religion. He was imprisoned, exiled, and his books were burned in France because he criticized the Catholic Church.
Name four causes of the French Revolution.
Enlightenment ideas, estate system, grain shortage/inflation, failure of economic reforms, national debt (richest citizens don’t pay taxes)
List four factors that enabled revolution to occur in Latin America.
Lack of respect for Creoles (class conflict)
Lack of free trade (the colonies must trade only with Spain)
Inspiration from other revolutions
Racism
Weakness of Spain
Napoleonic Wars
Describe the characteristics which made Great Britain an ideal place to start the Industrial Revolution.
Resource-rich (plenty of coal and iron)
Navigable rivers around surrounded by water (convenient for trade)
Many entrepreneurs who had the capital necessary to start businesses.
Conservatives believe that society is fine the way it is (they are usually wealthy and comfortable; believe that those that aren’t don’t work hard enough); respect social order, support govt., police, military
Liberals believe that society should be changed to improve the lives of those who struggle (poor, unemployed, oppressed); support individual rights
List four techniques/elements of Italian Renaissance art.
shading, perspective, oil painting, religious inspiration, Ancient Greece and Rome as sources of influence
Explain the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
Africa to Americas (slaves and gold)
Americas to Europe (sugar, molasses, raw materials-lumber)
Europe to Africa (guns, manufactured goods-clothing)
Explain the main achievements/discoveries of Robert Boyle.
He identified elements as the building blocks of matter, started the Periodic Table and identified the effect of heat and pressure on matter.
Explain how Louis XIV demonstrated the power of an absolute monarch.
He spent money to fight expensive wars to expand France’s territory, he built the palace of Versailles where he lived luxuriously, he forced nobles to live at Versailles so that he could keep an eye on them (held court)
Recall what important political idea was introduced by Charles de Montesquieu.
He introduced the idea of separation of powers (dividing the govt. into three branches: legislative-make laws, executive-enforce laws, and judicial-interprets laws) so that no section of govt. can be too strong and abuse their power
Describe the three estates.
1st estate-royal family and clergy (church officials), 1%, pay no taxes
2nd estate-nobility, land rich, 2%, no taxes
3rd estate-bourgeoisie (skilled, educated commoners), pay 50% taxes, unskilled workers, pay up to 80% taxes, they are 97% of the population.
Summarize the Haitian Revolution.
France owned it as a colony for producing sugarcane, slaves led by Toussaint L'Ouverture revolted, France driven out in 1798, tried to return in 1803 but unsuccessful, in 1804 Haiti becomes independent nation
List three factors that allowed the Industrial Revolution to occur.
enclosures, better medicine and hygiene led to population growth, James Watt's steam engine
Describe the philosophies of the following people:
Adam Smith
Jeremy Bentham
Karl Marx
Adam Smith
Father of capitalism and the free market; believed in laissez-faire economics (business should be based on natural supply and demand with limited regulation from governments)
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism-the role of govt. is to create the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Karl Marx
Published the Communist Manifesto; the industrial revolution has caused a class conflict between the bourgeoisie (wealthy elite) and the proletariat (working class); this will lead to a classless society where govt. owns the means of production and divides them equally among the workers.
Summarize the achievements of Elizabeth I.
Encouraged the arts, expand overseas trade and military power of England, the Elizabethan Compromise (she combined Catholic rituals and procedures with mass given in English and the use of Protestant doctrines)
Explain the goals and achievements of Christopher Columbus. What was Columbus's belief regarding his achievements?
Columbus thought he could sail west from Europe to Asia. He sailed west and “discovered” the Americas, he established a colony named Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic) to mine for gold; he thought he sailed to the West Indies and met "Indians"; he didn't believe he "found" a new continent
Explain the main achievements/discoveries of Issac Newton.
He identified the concept of gravity, created the laws of motion, and used calculus to explain his laws of gravity and motion.
Explain the importance of the following events in England during the 1600s: the English Civil War, constitutional monarchy, and the English Bill of Rights.
King Charles I was fighting with Parliament (Charles I wanted to rule as an absolute monarch and dissolve Parliament-they fought each other and imprisoned their opponents),
Cavaliers (king’s supporters) v. roundheads (Parliament’s supporters) led by Oliver Cromwell, Cromwell wins, Charles I is executed
Constitutional monarchy-a monarch shares power with an elected government (ex. modern British Parliament)
English Bill of Rights-Parliament had the authority to raise taxes, create an army, and declare war (not the king or queen)
British subjects have freedom of speech and protection from cruel and unusual punishment
Describe the beliefs of the following philosophers regarding the social contract and the state of nature:
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Thomas Hobbes-humans are naturally selfish and greedy; they cannot be trusted, people need a strong, authoritarian govt. to control them
John Locke-people are born neither bad not good; they are influenced by their environment; government exists to protect the natural rights (life, liberty, and property), if the govt. does not do this, people have the right to protest and change their govt.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau-people are born naturally good; it is govt. institutions and social/wealth inequality makes them bad; govt. should be controlled by the people (popular sovereignty) and should be as small as possible (limited govt.)
Explain each of the following terms:
Estates-General
Declaration of the Rights of Men
Reign of Terror
Meeting between representatives of the different social classes; each estate gets one vote, so the first and second estate always vote together (2-1) so they don’t have to pay taxes.
Influenced by the US Declaration of Independence, all men are created equal, citizens should be the source of political power instead of the monarch, guaranteed rights such as freedom of speech and religion.
Robespierre creates a “republic” but in fact, acts as a dictator, he executes anyone believed to be against the new government using the guillotine (including many innocent people).
Name 3 events that led to the US Revolution.
1) taxes (taxation without representation-colonists had to pay taxes but could not vote)
2) Enlightenment ideas
3) Proclamation of 1763 (colonists could not move west of the Appalachian Mountains)
4) Boston Tea Party (protest against colonial tea producers having to pay tax when British producers did not)
5) Intolerable Acts (punishments for the Boston Tea Party)
Describe the characteristics which made Great Britain an ideal place to start the Industrial Revolution.
rich in resources, island (isolation from war, convenient for trade), rivers and waterways, capital from overseas business to start factories
Summarize the impact of the printing press. (3 effects)
books became cheaper and more accessible, more people learned how to read, information and ideas (such as the Enlightenment ideas) spread throughout the world
Describe the beliefs of the following philosophers regarding the social contract:
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Hobbes-people are naturally greedy and selfish; need strong govt. to control them
Locke-need govt. but it can't violate natural rights (life, liberty, property)
Rousseau-people are naturally good, govt. and society make them bad; limited govt. reflecting the will of the people
Define enlightened monarch. Explain how Catherine the Great, Fredrick the Great, and Joseph II were and were not an enlightened monarch.
Absolute monarchs who are influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment.
Catherine (enlightened) supported education for women in Russia, created a dictionary, held meetings where members of the different classes could discuss their problems and complaints.
(not enlightened) Reorganize govt. so she would have more power, did not set the peasants free.
Fredrick (enlightened) supported the arts, religious tolerance, treated his workers well.
(not enlightened) Spent money fighting wars to expand his territory, nobility was forced to serve either in govt. or military, did not free peasants of the nobility.
Joseph II (enlightened) protected Jews from persecution and violence; promoted religious tolerance.
(not enlightened) Did not allow Jews to speak their own language in public (only during religious ceremonies)
List three positive effects of Napoelon's actions.
industrialization, roads and canals, Napoleonic Code (equality in eyes of the law); reestablished Catholic Church, public education with military training
Analyze the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution.
Leads to the development of other technology, mass production makes production faster and easier; this leads to the birth of the modern middle class-people who are not ultra rich but can afford to by manufactured goods at reasonable prices, job creation.
Describe the role that Henry VIII played in the Protestant Reformation. Summarize the actions of John Calvin.
He wanted to divorce his wife because they couldn’t have a son together. The Pope refused his request for a divorce. He broke away from the Catholic Church and started his own church (Anglican).
Calvin believed in predestination (God has already decided who will be saved). God will save the saints…so if people act like saints, they will be saved. He was very strict (punishing followers for drinking, swearing, laughing, playing cards, etc.)
List three negative effects of Napoleon's actions.
denied women's rights, allowed slavery to continue in Haiti, millions of deaths in war, elimination of democracy, beginnings of modern nationalism
Analyze the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution.
Air and water pollution, workers have unsafe and dangerous working environments (injuries are common and workers are fired if they get hurt), child labor (children are hired because they can work in small spaces and are paid less than adults), long hours, low salary, terrible living conditions (small, crowded rooms in tenements, lack of proper sewage).