Bacteria/Protist

Bacteria 1

100

Fill in the blank. 

200

What is the shape, arrangement and gram stain of this bacteria?

Coccus, Staphylo-arrangment, gram positive

300

How does this structure affect the bacteria's survival?

 

Endospores provides a way for bacteria to protect their genetic information in times of adversity such as when resources are limited. They are incredibly resilient to heat, desiccation and chemicals. They have the ability to reactivate when conditions are right centuries later.

400

What antibiotic is the most effective this case and why? What is the name of this phenomenon? Which bacteria is the most resistant to which medication? 

Antibiotic D is the most effective because it displays the a Zone of Inhibition. The clearing within this zone signifies that bacteria are sensitive to the medication. Antibiotic A seems to be the least effective medication due to the lack of Zone of Inhabitation which signifies the active resistance that this bacteria has to the Antibiotic A.

500

What is the difference between obligate aerobes, anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes?  Identify which one is which on the picture. 

Obligate aerobes: Has to use oxygen in order to conduct cellular respiration. 

Obligate anaerobes: Unable to use oxygen to conduct cellular respiration, uses fermentation or anaerobic respiration. 

Facultative anaerobes: Preferable uses oxygen if available, but has the ability of using fermentation or anaerobic respiration.  

Bacteria 2

100

What makes gram-negative bacteria more resistant than gram-positive bacteria.

Gram negative bacteria have a thick layer of lipopolysacharride, its chemical composition makes the bacteria more resistant towards medications.  

200

Do you think something can be both hydrophilic and hydrophobic? Give an example.

Yes, the permeable plasma membrane. The PM consists of a substance called phospholipids that is arranged in a bilayer structure (hence phospholipid bilayer). It has a hydrophobic exterior and hydrophilic exterior.

300

Two types of toxins present in gram negative bacteria

One is released as bacteria grow. The other is released as bacteria die (cell lysis).

Endotoxin and Exotoxin

400

Composition of bacterial cell wall. Present in both types. Thicker layer of it in Gram +, thinner layer in Gram -

Peptidoglycan

500

What is the shape, arrangement and gram stain of this bacteria?

Bacillus, Strepto-arrangment, Gram +

What is a protist?

100

What is a protist? Why does it have it's own separate kingdom? 

A eukaryotic organism belonging to the kingdom Protista. Protista involves all eukaryotic organism that to not belong to kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae.  It's in own separate kingdoms because Protists can often times have characteristics that do not strictly fit in the other kingdoms (Ex: Algae, photosynthetic, however can be unicellular/multi-cellar). 

200

What are some common features/characteristics about protists? 

Can be multicellular, unicellular, heterotrophic, autotrophic, mixotrophic. Variety of anatomical symmetry. Ability to form cysts. 

300

What are the 3 main ways that protists move around in their eviornment?

Flagella: A long tail like structure, protists can have 2 or more (ex: Giardia) 

Pseudopodia: "false-feet" involves movement of cytoplasm. (ex: Amoebas)

Cilia: Small hair-like structure that are reminiscent of Flagella.  (ex: Paramecium)

400

What is the difference between endospores and cysts?

Endospores is a structure produced by bacteria for the purpose of self-preservation in the midst of harsh conditions that are present. Cysts are produced by most often times parasitic protists as a means to protect itself from unfavorable conditions. 

500

Describe Endosymbiotic Theory.

A theory that states that Chloroplast and Mitochondria once derived from a free-living single-celled organism that ended up inside another cells. Both chloroplast and mitochondria have their own separate DNA from the rest of the cell.  

Nutrition and Reproduction

100

Describe Heterotrophic, Mixotrophic, and Autotrophic. What is the benefit of an organism being a mixotroph?

Heterotrophic: The ability to consume others for nutritional purposes.

Mixotrophic: The ability to harness qualities of both heterotrophs and autotrophs. Meaning that a mixotroph can use inorganic compounds to generate their nutrition and consume others to gain nutrition as well. 

Autotrophic: Utilizing light from the sun to generate energy to create their own nutrition such as glucose.  

200

Describe Asexual Reproduction. 

Typically involves mitosis, the spliting of a cell for the creation of daughter cells. Usually 2 diploid daughter cells. 

300

Describe Sexual Reproduction.

Typically involves meiosis. Diploid cell splits into 4 haploid cells that become the gametes. They can be unified with another haploid eventually creating a unique diploid cell. 

400

What features define the eukaryotic kingdoms of Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae? 

Plantae: Multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall made out of cellulose, photosynthesis, multicellular dependent embryos (MDE)

Animalia: Multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall, MDE. 

Fungi: Decomposers, Heterotrophic, Cell wall made of Chitin. 

Supergroup Excavata/Archaeplastida

100

Identify the Supergroup, Clade, and Species of this protist. Give 1 example of a characteristic unique to it. 

SG: Excavata

Clade: Parabasala

Species: Trichonomas Vaginalis

A common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that moves by the way of flagella.

200

Identify the Supergroup, Clade, and Genus of this protist. Give 1 example of a characteristic unique to it.

SG: Excavata

Clade: Diplomonadida

Genus: Giardia

Has 2 nuclei, moves with flagella, and is unicellular.

300

True or False: These protists are not in the same Supergroup. Explain why it is true or not. 

False. These 2 protist belong to the same SG Excavata. Because, they do belong to the same clade Euglenozoa. The top protist is Euglena and the bottom protist is Trypanosoma.

400

Identify the Supergroup, Clade, and Genus of this protist. Give 1 example of a characteristic unique to it.

SG: Archaeplastida

Clade: Rhydophyta

Genus: Not specified (Just Red Algae) 

Red algae typically live in more profound waters in the ocean.

500

What is the reason why red algae tend to live in deeper waters?

Red algae are able to absorb wave lengths such as blue and green light that are able to reach into the depths of the ocean that brown and green algaes are unable to absorb at such depths. Phycocyanin & Phycoerythrin is are pigments that help red algae absorb those green & blue wavelengths.