Basic
how many pairs of chromosomes are there?
23 pairs
explain codominance
both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
what is a tetrad?
pairing of homologous chromosomes
what are the 2 processes that makeup recombination?
independent assortment and crossing over
how much is % of protein coding region?
1.5 %
explain incomplete dominance
one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
what is recombination?
the process that introduces genetic diversity into the gametes during meiosis
All cellular organelles, such as mitochondria, are inherited from?
the mother
what is phenotype and genotype?
phenotype: what is observed
genotype: the genetic make up
explain complete dominance
one allele completely dominant over another allele
what is a synapsis?
homologous chromosomes come together and form tetrad
What are the five basic modes of inheritance?
autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR), X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, and mitochondrial
what is wild type?
the "normal" allele or phenotype of an organism
explain random and the 4 base substitution mutations
random- random changes in DNA
base substitutions: inversion- a stretch of DNA breaks off then reattaches in the opposite direction, addition (insertion)- extra base is added, deletion- a base is taken out of the DNA sequence, and translocation- a stretch of DNA breaks off, then reattaches somewhere else
what is crossing over?
exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes after the tetrad forms
what are some differences between mitosis and meiosis?
mitosis: no tetrad, daughter cells identical to parent cell, diploid (2n) daughter cells, 1 division, 2 daughter cells
meiosis: tetrad formation, daughter cells different from parent cell, haploid (n) daughter cells, 2 divisions, 4 sperm cells or 1 egg
what is a locus?
location (of a gene) on a chromosome
explain transcription and translation
transcription- in the nucleus RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, an mRNA molecule is produced, mRNA is modified and exits through nuclear pores
translation- cytoplasm, ribosome read the mRNA sequence and translates it into the amino acid sequence of the protein
what is independent assortment?
random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
In tomatoes, red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow fruit (r). Round fruit (B) is dominant to pear-shaped fruit (b). Cross a heterozygous red, round tomato plant with another plant that is homozygous red, pear-shaped. What are the genotypes of the parents?
RrBb and RRbb