Skeletons & skeletal elements
Name the three main types of skeletons found in animals.
Hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton.
What are the two major clades within Protostomia?
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
What are the three main environments in which animals move?
Land, water, and air.
What is suspension feeding?
– A method of feeding where animals filter particles from water.
What is the process by which arthropods shed their exoskeleton to grow?
Ecdysis
How does a hydrostatic skeleton enable movement?
Hydrostatic skeletons use fluid pressure to provide structure and enable movement.
What is a lophophore, and what is its function?
A lophophore is a ciliated feeding structure used for filter feeding.
How do skeletons and muscles work together to produce movement?
Muscles contract, pulling on bones or hydrostatic structures to create movement.
What are two structures used by suspension feeders to capture food?
Structures include baleen plates (whales) and gill rakers (fish).
How do flagella contribute to movement in some invertebrates?
Flagella help propel sperm cells and certain protists.
What are the major components of a vertebrate endoskeleton?
Bone and cartilage, which provide support, protect organs, and anchor muscles.
How do ecdysozoans grow, and why is molting necessary?
Ecdysozoans grow by molting (ecdysis) because their exoskeleton does not expand.
What role do joints play in vertebrate movement?
Joints allow for flexibility and a range of motion in vertebrates.
Why is water flow important for suspension feeders
Water flow carries food particles to feeding structures, increasing efficiency.
Name an animal that moves using cilia.
Paramecia use cilia for movement.
How do exoskeletons provide protection and support in arthropods, and what are their limitations?
Exoskeletons protect and support the body but limit growth, requiring molting.
Give one example of a Lophotrochozoan and one of an Ecdysozoan and describe an adaptation they have for their environment.
Lophotrochozoan - Flatworm (adapted for parasitism), Ecdysozoan - Arthropod (has jointed limbs and an exoskeleton).
How is terrestrial movement different from aquatic movement, and what adaptations help animals move efficiently in these environments?
Terrestrial animals deal with gravity and friction, while aquatic animals must reduce drag.
How has suspension feeding evolved in different lineages to optimize nutrient intake?
Different species have evolved various methods, such as cilia, mucus nets, or sieving
How does skeletal structure relate to an animal’s mode of locomotion?
The structure of an animal’s skeleton influences whether it runs, swims, or flies.
Why might an endoskeleton be more advantageous than an exoskeleton for large animals?
Endoskeletons grow with the body and allow for larger body sizes and greater mobility.
How do the diversity and adaptations within these clades demonstrate different evolutionary strategies?
Lophotrochozoa use continuous growth strategies, while Ecdysozoa undergo molting for stepwise growth.
What are the different types of locomotion found in animals, and how do they compare?
Walking, swimming, flying, crawling, and gliding—each adapted to its environment
How has suspension feeding evolved in different lineages to optimize nutrient intake?
Baleen whales (filter krill), bivalves (mucus filtering), sponges (water flow through pores).
Why might some aquatic animals switch between suspension feeding and another feeding strategy?
Some animals switch between feeding methods depending on food availability.