Workshop
The name given to the gap in the spinal cord between the two ventral horns
The anterior median fissure
This headache presentation is often described as a "thunderclap headache"
A subarachnoid haemorrhage/haemorrhagic stroke
This is the name of the artery which supplies the anterior part of the spinal cord
Anterior spinal artery
This cause of dizziness is described as sudden, severe, brief episodes of vertigo with head movements
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
This pattern of aphasia is characterised as hesitant, effortful, empty, and agrammatic with poor repetition.
Non-fluent aphasia (Broca's presentation)
This is the name given to the terminal end of the spinal cord at L1
The conus medularis
Meningism includes this triad of symptoms
What are headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia (with or without nausea and vomiting)
Which part of the spinal cord has the greatest ratio of grey:white matter
Sacral region
This cause of vertigo is considered to be caused by a build-up of endolymph in the inner ear
What is Meniere's disease
This pattern of aphasia has normal prose and free-flowing words with difficult-to-understand content
Fluent aphasia (Wernicke's type)
Which rami communicantes is found more proximal to the spinal cord?
Grey ramus communicantes
The 5 red flags for headache (SNOOP)
Systemic signs
Neurological signs
Onset (sudden)
Older patient (>50)
Positional
These sections of the spinal cord have a lateral horn
T1-L2 and S2-4
Peripheral nystagmus occurs in this pattern (uni/bilateral and horizontal/vertigo)
Unilateral, horizontal
This is the difference between dysarthria and aphasia
Aphasia is primarily regarding speech centres in the cortex, whereas dyarthria is more about motor coordination e.g. cerebellar dysarthria being a slow, scanning staccato.
The spinal cord should be entered at this level to sample CSF
Between L3/4 or L4/5
This class of angina medication often causes headaches
Nitrates
This is the largest segmental medullary artery and most commonly arises around T9 on the left side. It is noteworthy due to the risk of damage from aortic aneurysm or surgery which can cause functional loss to lower part of spinal cord
Arteria radicularis magna (of Adamkiewicz)
These three imaging modalities are indicated in a dizzy patient with unknown cause
ECG
CXR
One of CTB/MRI
This pattern of aphasia is suggested in a patient who is fluent, can be comprehended, but cannot repeat words
Conduction aphasia
A lesion in the right side of the pons would result in this pattern of motor, nociception, and mechanosensation (referring to lateral corticospinal tract, anterolateral/spinothalamic tract, and dorsal column)
Contralateral loss in all 3 mentioned columns
This cause of headache is characterised by pulsatile, daily, continuous pain associated with nausea and vomiting and caused by elevated CSF fluid pressure without change in size of the ventricles, and may present with CNVI palsy.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
This syndrome can be commonly caused by tumour or vascular lesions and is characterised by bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction with both UMN and LMN-type weakness in the legs and sensory loss in the saddle region.
What is conus medullaris syndrome (cauda equina syndrome is only LMN-type weakness)
What is the pathology behind persistent postural perceptual dizziness?
Anxiety-related conscious awareness of discrepancies between anticipated and actual movements
This is a key DDx if a patient presents with Broca's aphasia with repetition intact
Transcortical aphasia (watershed areas including cortex and white matter)