A
these strategies help to turn ill-defined problems into well-define problems
What is creating subgoals, constraints, and assumptions
In this test, individuals noticed physical characteristics and personally important information in one audio recording while shadowing another; this test also helps explain the cocktail party effect
What is dichotic listening
Assume you have been driving with a bicyclist near you for 30s. Your sudden recognition of a bicyclist appearing next to you is an example of this pattern
What is inattention blindness
This effect is diminished when participants free recall, a list of terms, after a filled delay (ex. 30s of reading a short story)
This effect is improved when terms are presented slowly rather than quickly
What is the recency and primacy effect
An example of this effect: Daniela is making small talk with a server at a restaurant. The server goes to the back for their break and a different server comes to fill Daniela’s water. Daniela continues the previous conversation as if they are the same person.
The term for all possible states that can be reached during problem solving.
What is the problem space
The tip of tongue (TOT) phenomenon is an example of this forgetting hypothesis
What is retrieval failure
Context dependent learning and context reinstatement are examples of this
What is encoding specificity
These two hypotheses attempt to explain ‘missing’ stimuli and capture the limitations of perception and/or memory. One suggests attended inputs are favored over unattended inputs from perception, while the other suggests all inputs are analyzed and consciously understood but only selected information is remembered.
What is the early and late selection hypothesis
Type 1 (fast and easy) and Type 2 (slow, effortful) are thought processes represented within this model.
What is the dual-processing model
Utilizing parallel processing, these pathways transfer information from the occipital lobe to the temporal or parietal lobes; used to identify and locate objects
What is the what and where system
This term refers to the experience of hearing differences between categories of sound much better than variations within the same category of sound.
What is categorical perception
This term describes the monitoring and controlling of one’s own mental processes; executive control. Ex. Determining that one topic is more important to study than another.
What is metacognition (metamemory)
A proposal that there are many forms of intelligence, such as linguistic, spatial, emotional, musical, and so on.
What is the theory of multiple intelligences
These people tend to use analogies and deep structures to categorize and understand information, while a second group may not be so inclined.
What are Expert and Novice
In determining who to pick for a high role within academia, the recruiter looks for interviewees that would best fit with current coworkers – similarities in their professional attire, glasses, carefully styled hair, and proximity to the 'best' coworkers responses to one behavioral question helped this recruiter decide. This represents what kind of attribute substitution?
What is the representativeness heuristic (Type 1)
‘Two TVs were reported stolen by the news announcers.’ This is a potentially confusing sentence due this issue.
What is phrase structure ambiguity
A problem solving strategy individuals use during decision making, making choices that bring them closer to their goal. One limitation is that there are often cases in which you must move back before you can progress towards your goal.
What is the hill-climbing stratagy
(Made up statistic*) 80% of table are rectangular while only 20% of tables are another shape.
Yaqi uses her table for dinner with her family and host a potluck this weekend. First she needs to clear off her pattern making supplies
The second set of information is called this term
This test asks participants to decide if two letter strings are both words or not (classroom, desk / mouse, philosopher / cradle, tring); participants respond faster when two strings are related words providing evidence for semantic priming
What is the lexical decision task
Usually the ease or speed of this memory characteristic is interpreted as familiar (manipulated or otherwise) and recognized as a true memory; this characteristic is benefited through practice
What is processing fluency
A valid conclusion to this syllogism:
All chips are crunchy
All bagged snacks are chips
Therefor all bagged snacks are crunchy
Definitions don’t always account for diverse cases (there are always exceptions) However, this term explains that category subgroups have overlapping ‘characteristic features’ from a category ideal. (a hairless cat is still a cat, while a fluffy pomeranian is not)
What is family resemblance
All gremlins are evil beings
Some evil beings are red
Therefore some gremlins are red
Is this a valid or invalid argument?
Invald
These two terms are related by their relationship to phoneme perception. One describes how we produce and hear speech as a constant stream of sound, and we must slice this sound stream to detect phonemes. The other describes how phonemes overlap when we speak.
What are speech segmentation and coarticulation