SHIREEN
What Cells line the Tunica Intima?
Endothelial Cells
what do the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli as well as the thoracic cavity with muscles, nerves, vascular, pleural membranes, diaphragm, and the lungs make up?
Respiratory System
why do red blood cells NOT change size in diarrhea?
Diarrhea causes loss of isotonic fluid from the ECG. Because osmolarity of lost fluid= plasma osmolarity, no osmotic gradient forms, so no water shifts between ECF and ICF, and RBCs do not swell or shrink.
What is chronic kidney disease or CKD?
Subtle decrease in renal function greater than or equal to 3 months; progressive decrease in glomerular filtration rate, GFR <90 ml/min; irreversible damage
What is diuresis?
The process of excretion of water in urine.
What is Endocardium made of?
Subendothelial CT (dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and other elastic fibers)
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Exchange of gases between blood and air; inspiration, and regulation of blood PH
What happens to RBF when ANP is released?
ANP dilated the afferent arteriole, increasing RBF and GFR, promoting sodium and water excretion.
Hypertensive nephropathy is often associated with what three things?
Left ventricular hypertrophy, retinopathy, and controlled A1c
What are the five classifications of diuretics?
1. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
2. Loop diuretics
3. Thiazide diuretics
4. Potassium sparing diuretics
5. Osmotic diuretics
What part of the kidney is composed exclusively of tubules?
Medulla
What is the sum of tidal volume (Vt) and IRV (eg: 500 mL + 3000mL=3,500 mL)?
Inspiration capacity (IC)
Why does protein appear in urine in glomerular disease?
Damage to the filtration barrier allows proteins (normally excluded) to pass into the filtrate.
What is the pathophysiology mechanism 2 for secondary hypertension?
Increased Na+ and H2O retention -> hypervolemia -> HTN
How do osmotic diuretics work?
They create an osmotic pull in the tubules, preventing passive reabsorption of water, leading to increased water and Na+ excretion.
What is the Basic functional unit of the kidney; is composed of renal corpuscle, proximal tube, loop of he or, and distal tubule?
Nephron
What is a set of interconnected nuclei located throughout the brainstem?
Reticular formation
What are the main components of the renal system?
Kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra.
What is stage 3a CKD?
45-59ml/min
What is the main adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Burning sensation of eyes, discomfort, and stinging.
What are found in Medulla; degenerated remnants of epithelioreticular cells; of no known function or significance, and can appear early in life?
Thymic corpuscles
What is the hindbrain; and is the location of the dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group?
Medulla oblongata
what is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients.
What does HbA1c > or equal to 6.5% suggest?
Diabetic nephropathy (especially if increased UACR is present)
What is the effect of combining thiazides with ACE inhibitors?
It reduces the chances of hypokalemia.