This Russian physiologist focused on psychical stimuli. He also studied the phenomena of extinction and counterconditioning.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
100
This foundational psychologist used the four processes of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation in his social learning theory.
Who is Albert Bandura?
100
Learning dependent on verbal self-reports versus learning via introspection.
What is subjective versus objective learning?
100
Mower postulated that fear arose from this and hope from its opposition. The former increases drive while the latter diminishes it.
What is drive induction/reduction?
100
These two learning theories are polar opposites and named after their respective founders.
HINT: Classical & operant.
What are Pavlovian & Skinner conditioning?
200
This psychologist studied schedules of reinforcement and believed that psychology should seek to predict as well as control behavior.
Who is Burrhus Skinner?
200
This Massachusetts native coined the term 'intervening cognitive measures'.
Who is Edward Tolman?
200
Alternative terms for respondent conditioning & operant conditioning.
What are Type S & Type R conditioning?
200
The confidence in being able to execute a behavior as coined by Bandura.
What is self-efficacy?
200
Mowrer was associated with this school of psychology due to his studies on positive emotions such as hope.
What is positive psychology?
300
This psychologist used objective observations to study human behavior as bodies in motion. He also viewed that people's actions were determined by the environment and thus were not responsible.
HINT: "It's elementary, _______."
Who is John Watson?
300
This positive psychologist identified learned helplessness and learned optimism as behaviors that organisms are biologically prepared to learn.
Who is Martin Seligman?
300
The paradigm of learning based off of a specific stimulus causing a specific response.
What is S-R?
300
Tolman & Skinner studied behavior from two perspectives:
1. Multiple behaviors aimed toward a goal.
2. Muscular movement and glandular secretions.
What are the molar-cognitive & molecular-mechnical models?
300
Lashley furthered Watson's behaviorism by mapping levels and types of learning in this.
What is the cortex of the brain?
400
He served as APA president in 1929 for his work on mass action and equipotentiality. His rat study supported his theory that habits could be relearned post-brain trauma via cortical mechanisms.
Who is Karl Lashley?
400
Hailing from New York, this mathematician invented hypothetico-deductive theory. He is known for his equation drive state x habit strength = readiness to respond.
Who is Clark Hull?
400
The paradigm of learning that focuses on the end result.
What is R?
400
These two terms were coined by Lashley:
1. The more cortical tissue, the faster the and more accurate the learning.
2. Learning does not depend on specific cortical tissue - all tissue is equal.
What is mass action & equipotentiality?
400
The three main neobehaviorists.
Who are Mowrer, Tolman, & Hull?
500
1. Animal observation can be applicable to humans.
2. The explanatory system model is possible.
3. Endorse operationism.
3. Learning is the core of psychology.
What are the four features of neobehaviorism?
500
This Yale graduate's two-factor theory of learning focused on drive induction and drive reduction.
Who is Orval Mowrer?
500
The paradigm of learning that rejected just stimulus-response and factored in outside variables, such as emotional state.
What is S-O-R?
500
This theory is based on input variables, organismic variables, and output variables.
What is hypothetico-deductive theory?
500
Watson was a determinist which contrasted against this English psychologist's instinctual theory.