Vocabulary
Experiential learning
learning best by doing
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
a type of learning that happens unconsciously
When you learn through classical conditioning, an automatic conditioned response is paired with a specific stimulus. This creates a behavior.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
people of all ages observe and imitate others’ behavior, which are filtered by the environment and one's own perception, thoughts, and motivation
Which behaviorist believed that people repeat behaviors that have a positive result or are reinforced?
Operant conditioning and Classical conditioning
operant: the tendency of people to repeat behaviors that have positive results
classical: behaviors associated with responses
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
ny behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
a form of learning in which the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated
- Negative reinforcement (punishment) can reduce unwanted behaviors
What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
the level between What a child can do or learn on his or her own and what a child can achieve with the help and encouragement of a teacher or peer with more skills and knowledge
Behaviorism
behavior determined by forces in the environment beyond individuals’ control
- People’s thoughts, feelings, and actions depend on experience, rather than genetics or free will
Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory
Students learn best by doing, or through experiential learning
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
since children are social beings, they can learn more if they interact with others; cognitive development occurs as a result of social interactions
What are the four stages of Piaget's Cognitive Theory?
Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years old)
Preoperational stage (2–7 years old)
Concrete operational stage (7–11 years old)
Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood)
Scaffolding
helping a child learn more by working or collaborating with more knowledgeable peers or a teacher
Bruner’s Constructivist Theory
learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge, or context
Piaget’s Cognitive Theory (stages)
Four stages of cognitive development
At each stage, individuals incorporate what they learn into skills developed in previous stages
What are the three moralities of the Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
- Preconventional morality—depends on whether behavior will be punished or rewarded
- Conventional morality—motivated by society’s laws and rules
- Postconventional morality—decisions based on principles and motivated by integrity
Socratic learning
Teachers encourage students to discover new learning through active dialog
- asks students a series of open-ended questions (questions with more than a yes or no answer) about a specific topic or issue.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
There are eight stages
- at each stage, people face and must successfully resolve a social/psychological conflict
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
There are eight stages
- everyone follows the same progression and each level involves different ways of thinking and solving moral problems
What are the eight stages in Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?