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Schumann's Acculturation Model
What About Output and Grammar?
Garcia and Cummins
Programs for ELL's
100

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100
Social distance is greater when new arrivals only plan to stay in the country a short time.
What is Intended Length of Residence?
100
Second language acquisition depends on ______ as well as input.
What is Output?
100
Using language in different settings with different people in order to accomplish different purposes.
What is Languaging?
100
ELL's are taught with mainstream students and given no special services.
What is English Immersion?
200
Language is acquired in a natural order no matter what your first language may be.
What is the Natural Order Hypothesis?
200
Social distance is increased when a group is tight-knit versus a less united group.
What is Cohesiveness?
200
Negative consequences can occur when ELL's in the early stages of language acquisition are required to produce language too soon.
What are the Problems with Forcing Output?
200
The process of going back and forth between languages.
What is code switching or translanguaging?
200
ELL's are taught only in English with teachers who have been trained to make the input comprehensible.
What is Structured English Immersion?
300
Checking our output against rules we have learned.
What is the Monitor Hypothesis?
300
Social distance is greater when their is less integration between the two cultures versus more integration.
What is Integration Pattern?
300
teach students grammar rules clearly and practice with decontextualized exercises.
What is Language as Structure?
300
ELL's should be taught entirely in the target language.
What is Cummins' Direct Method Assumption?
300
ELL's are pulled out of their classrooms for ESL support in basic vocabulary and grammar.
What is ESL Pullout Traditional Instruction?
400
Learners must receive input that is slightly beyond their current ability level, i+1.
What is the Input Hypothesis?
400
Social distance is greatest when one group is more powerful than the other versus when they are more equal.
What is Social Dominance?
400
Teach students only a few grammar rules so they can use them to monitor output.
What is Language as Mental Faculty?
400
Translation should not be allowed in ESL classroom.
What is Cummins' No Translation Assumption?
400
ELL's are pulled out or an ESL specialist is pulled in to work with students on content related to what they are studying.
What is ESL Pullout or Pull-in Content Instruction?
500
A filter that blocks acquisition of language learning.
What is What is the Affective Filter Hypothesis?
500
Social distance is greatest when the attitude of the learner group is negative towards the target language group.
What is Attitude?
500
Following a curriculum cycle grammar is taught using modeling, joint construction and individual practice.
What is Language as Functional Resource?
500
The two languages should be kept strictly separated.
What is Cummins' Two Solitudes?
500
ELL's and mainstream students are taught content in both English and the first language of the ELL's.
What is Bilingual Dual-Language Education?