Test 1
What are four contributing factors to determining when a cell will divide?
Available nutrients
cell size (Surface area /vol ratio)
hormones
space
growth factors
Four lifespan changes of joints
collagen loss causes stiffness
fibrous sutures begin after birth
exercise is needed to maintain flexibility
synchondrosis disappear
List four signs that would increase likelihood that a skin lesion is cancerous
A - area - symmetric
B - border - irregular
C - color - patches?
D - diameter - (>1cm)
list four risk factors for multiple scerlosis
caucasian, female, age 20-40, have other autoimmune diseases
what are some influences on perception
strength of stimulus, sensitive of receptor, previous experience, emotion state, memory
List four functions of connective tissue
holds everything together, provides supportive framework, provides protection, transport, storage of fat, produce blood, help in tissue repair
4 types of synovial joints and ex, movement range
ball and socket - shoulder, all planes plus rotation
gliding - carpal, some twisting, back and forth movt
hinge - elbow, no rotation, back and forth
condyloid - metacarpal, many planes, no rotation
list four changes that occur in skin over time
epidermis thins
dermis thins = wrinkling
healing is delayed
nails harden and become dull
three differences in structural classification of neurons
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
give the receptor types for taste and places on the tongue
sweet - carbs, tip
sour - acids- sides
bitter - back
salt - all over
unami - amino acids, flavor
List four of the five major categories of things living organisms need to survive and give either one reason that item is necessary or one function of that item
Nutrients: needed for energy
Pressure: atmospheric breathing
Water: transport
Heat: required for chem reactions
List two differences between endochondral and intramembranous ossification
endochondral:
1. begins as laid out hyaline cartliage
2. periosteum forms early
intramembrane:
1. begins as mesenchyme (undifferentiated connective tissue)
2. periosteum forms later
four causes of muscle fatigue
lactic acid build up
inc in ADP levels that competes with ATP
mental component, brain tells you to stop
electrolyte imbalance
type of vessel involved
typical age of patient
onset of symptoms
Subdural: vein, old, acute/chronic brain compression
epidural: artery, young, minutes/hours, loss of consciousness
list changes in hearing with age
hearing loss from damage to hair cells
degeneration of nerve pathways
tinnitus - ringing of ears
hearing aids helps with sound amplification
Under a microscope, what is the difference between simple columnar, pseudo stratified columnar, and stratified columnar?
Stratified: more than one layer
flat: squamous
square/cube: cuboidal
tall/rectangular: columnar
pseudo stratified: nuclei at different levels
why is early movement of a sprained joint important structurally for better healing
early movt is impt for the bodies healing by increasing blood flow into the area, and for lining up bones and ligaments and tendons for joint to know how to heal properly
three differences in cardiac and skeletal muscle
cardiac has longer refractory period
skeletal has summation and tetany, cardiac does not
skeletal is voluntary, cardiac is involuntary
Sympathetic parasympathetic - origin, location of ganglia, NT used, function
symp: throracolumnar, near presynaptic, pre: Act, post: Noepi, function: inc BP, HR, dec digestion, fight/flight
parasympathetic: craniosacrla, near target cell, pre and post - Act, functions: dec BP, HR, inc digestion, rest and digest
5 influences on smell
hunger, attentiveness, gender, age, mucus thickness
Describe the primary components necessary for an effective negative feedback system, and briefly describe how it works.
Neg feedback - common regulation system as condition deviate from set points, effectors activated (affector/receptors recognize problem, control center, effectors carry out response, feedback set further response)
List the steps in healing a fracture
1. hematoma forms
2. new blood vessels form
3. spongy bone forms as quick fix
4. fibrocartilage replaces and fills gap
5. compact bone forms over time
6. osteoclasts remodel and breakdown some of the bone to have structure of original bone
three functions of ATP in muscle contraction/relaxation cycle
release cross bridge from actin
reload cross bridges
pump out calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum for relaxation
four functions of NS with aging
brain shrinks 10%, slower reflex, inc risk of falling, memory worse
Rods and cones
rods: 100 million, operate in dim light, rhodopsin, colorless, blurry
cones: 3 million, bright light, 3 pigments, central retina, color vision, sharp