Evolution: CH 18
True/False: Darwin understood the principles of genetics when “On the Origin of Species” was published
False
True/False: Natural selection acts on individuals to cause populations to change over time
True
This is the term for all of the alleles in a population
What is the gene pool?
Hypothesis about relationships among taxonomic groups
What is a phylogeny?
Protists belong to this Domain
What is Eukarya?
These are structures in comparative anatomy that demonstrate common evolutionary origin despite their slight to major different appearances or function
What are homologous structures?
This type of speciation involved geographic isolation
What is allopatric speciation?
This is the term for the proportion of different types of alleles in a population
What are allele frequencies?
Nodes (or branch points) represent these on phylogenetic trees
What are the most recent common ancestor (MRCA)?
This is the prokaryotic Domain that is more closely related to humans (Eukarya)
What is Archaea?
These are structures in comparative anatomy that demonstrate convergent evolution
What are analogous structures?
Reproductive isolation happens through mechanisms that impede two populations from producing fertile and/or viable hybrid offspring. These are the two types of barriers.
What are pre- and post-zygotic barriers
BONUS: list the 5 pre-zygotic barriers and the 2 post-zygotic barriers.
This is the term for movement of alleles between populations and its affect
What is gene flow and it increases genetic similarity between populations?
Prokaryotes fall into one of these 3 basic shape categories
What are spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), and spiral (spirilli)
This is the transfer of genetic material between unrelated species
What is horizontal gene transfer?
This is the line of evidence for evolution that demonstrates common ancestry by similarities in very early development
What is embryology?
These are traits that help an individual survive and reproduce in a particular environment
What are adaptations?
This is the most common cause of genetic drift to occur
what is population bottleneck or founder effect
– a large reduction in numbers?
When creating a cladogram you choose the simplest cladogram with the fewest steps or events
or maximum parsimony
These are 2 different ways protists are motile
What are flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia?
These are the 5 major causes of evolution
What is genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, non-random mating (sexual selection), and natural selection?
These are the 3 modes of action for natural selection
Stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive/diversifying selection
BONUS: Draw the graphs for double points!
Competition among males that results in increased ability to physically compete with other males is called by this term
What is sexual selection?
DAILY DOUBLE! The levels of taxonomic classification from most broad to specific (must get all levels for points)
What is Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species > Subspecies
This is the theory that Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated by the engulfment of a prokaryotic cell by a ‘protoeukaryotic’ cell
What is the endosymbiont theory?