BI 222Z Midterm 1

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

100

This is when bodies regulate their internal environment to keep it constant.

Homeostasis

200

Homeostasis is maintained by these types of loops. While this type of loop pushes organisms out of homeostasis.

Negative feedback loops

Positive feedback loops

300

Name the 3 types of muscle tissues and give an example of where you would find each type.

Smooth: digestive system

Cardiac: heart

Skeletal: most other muscles

400

Name the 4 primary types of tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

500

Name 5 (of the 6) types of connective tissue.

Loose fibrous connective tissue

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Adipose tissue

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

Digestive System & Nutrition

100

These types of nutrients can only be obtained through the diet or dissolved in water.

Minerals 

200

What is the name of the molecule that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol? What kind of molecule is it?

Lipase (enzyme!)

300

Name the 3 organs that produce and secrete digestive enzymes or bile into the small intestine.

Liver (gall bladder), pancreas, intestine 

400

Name at least 3 functions of the salivary glands (saliva).

1. Adding amylase - breaks down starches into sugars

2. Adding bacteria-killing enzymes and antibodies

3. Lubricates food to ease swallowing

4. Exposing food molecules to taste buds on tongue which helps to identify the type and quality of food

500

Describe how the acidic chime gets neutralized as it enters the small intestine. 

The pancreas produces pancreatic juice which contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) which is released into the duodenum (small intestine) just as the chyme enters. 

Circulatory System

100

Nutrients and gases are exchanged through this type of blood vessel.

Capillaries 

200

These make up 99% of cells in the blood - common name AND fancy name.

Red blood cells / Erythrocytes 

300

These are the specific type of blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood to the heart.

Pulmonary veins

400

Type of valve that prevents blood from flowing into the atria when ventricles contract.

Atrioventricular valves

500

The measure of the blood pressure ventricle contractions produce.

Systolic pressure

Respiratory System

100

Where gas exchange occurs (at the tips of the bronchioles in grape-like cluster pouches).

Alveoli

200

Name the molecule that oxygen binds to when it diffuses into the blood of the capillaries to be transported to other body cells

Hemoglobin

300

Name 2 of the non-lung forms of gas exchange we talked about in class and give example animals of each.

Gills (fish, tadpoles, nudibranchs)

Tracheae (insects)

400

What are the two tissues that make up the respiratory membrane (where gas exchange occurs)?

Epithelial cells of the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs.

500

What are the 3 requirements of respiratory systems?

1. Moist surface

2. Thin cell layers

3. Large surface area

Potpourri

100

This type of feedback system regulates the volume of red blood cells in the circulatory system.

Negative feedback system

200

The name and location of the respiratory center that regulates breathing.

Medulla oblongata located in the brain stem (top of the spinal cord). 

300

1. The projections into the lining of the small intestine

2. Hairlike projections on each epithelial cell

3. Reason for these projections

1. Villi

2. Microvilli

3. Increase surface area for absorption

400

This heart chamber pumps blood through the aorta to the body.

Left ventricle

500

Name and identify from the image - be specific (if you can). 

A: Neuron

B: Bone

C: Cardiac muscle

D: Epithelial (Squamous)

E: Skeletal muscle