Blood Vessels/Pressure
What are the two type of pressure in the capillaries?
Hydrostatic pressure and Colloid Osmotic pressure
What is the primary regulator of long term BP regulation?
What are two ways we can increase CO?
increase SV, increase HR
What are the two respiratory zones?
Conducting zone - to end of bronchioles
Respiratory zone - gas exchange (where bronchiole terminal end meets alveoli)
what molecule is essential for O2 transport?
Hb
Name the three types of capillaries
1. Continuous
2. Fenestrated - high absorption and filtration
3. Sinusoidal- passage of large molecules
Name the two type of autoregulation
myogenic - maintaining same flow to specific organs (brain)
metabolic - response to nutritional needs of tissue
Define EDV and ESV
End- diastolic volume
End -systolic volume
Name the steps of Inhalation
− Diaphragm contracts − Alveoli expand − Intrapulmonary pressure decreases − Air enters the alveoli − Intrapulmonary pressure increases and we reach static condition
What are the three ways we find CO2 in the blood?
on Hb, in plasma, as HCO3
Name the three types of arteries and where we find them
1. elastic arteries - near heart
2. muscular arteries - around the body - in between elastic and arterioles
3. arterioles - leading into capillaries (vasocontriction.vasodialtion) - resistance vessels
Powerful vasoconstrictor that can restore low BP
What organs get the most blood flow during exercise?
muscles
What is the PCO2 and PO2 in the systemic veins?
PCO2: 45
PO2: 40
What ion enters the RBC so that HCO3 can leave and where in the body does this happen?
Cl-, systemic capillaries
What would happen if your capillaries became too permeable?
Large molecules would leak out and disrupt COP
Describe the formation of Angiotensin II. Use terms renin, ACE, and angiotensinogen.
Baroreceptors detect changes in BP in the body and in turn release renin from the kidneys and angiotensinogen from the liver. These act to create angiotensin I which then combines with an ACE molecule in the lungs to produce Angiotensin II
How do we increase SV?
increase venous return, sympathetic NS increase contractility of ventricles so more is squeezed out, decrease pressure in the aorta (not common)
What type of tissue is found in the alveoli? Why?
Simple squamous epithelium - gas exchange
What contributes to the partial pressures of O2 and CO2?
O2 or CO2 in the plasma
What is a portal system and where are common places we find them?
2 consecutive capillary beds for more gas exchange
1. hypoth/Pituitary gland
2.intestines/liver
3. kidneys
Frank Sterling - more in= more out
Bainbridge reflex - responds to increased venous return to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to increase HR to increase CO
How do we increase HR?
increase cardioacceleratory center in medulla to increase sympathetic innervation (exercise), increased VR, increase norepinephrine/ epinephrine release, being younger
What are the three factors that influence pulmonary ventilation
1. airway resistance caused by a change in pressure or change in resistance
2. Surface tension in the alveoli - surfactant
3. Lung Compliance - stretchiness of lung
reduced by:
1. reduced resilience
2. block smaller passages
3. reduce surfactant production
4. decreased flexibility of thoracic cage
When converting HCO3 to CO2 in the pulmonary capillaries, where does H+ used to make this reaction come from?
the creation of HbO2 (attaching O2 onto Hb)