Tversky and Kahneman
What is the aim of the study by Tversky and Kahneman?
What is to investigate the impact of cognitive biases and heuristics on decision-making, when system 1 is employed?
This 1950s study by the Chapmans aimed to link "hidden meanings" in ambiguous stimuli to a specific characteristic, but ultimately found no connection. What was the characteristic they tried to diagnose?
What is homosexuality?
The process of using knowledge and information to interpret the world and make predictions.
What is thinking?
This bias leads us to favor information that confirms our existing beliefs, even if it's inaccurate. What is it called?
What is confirmation bias?
These mental frameworks organize and guide our understanding of the world, influencing how we perceive, interpret, and interact with information. What are they called?
What are schemas?
Type of study: Uses a carefully controlled setting and standardized procedure to accurately measure how changes in the IV affects the DV. Many problems were presented to the participants along with biases.
What is a lab experiment?
Instead of diagnosing a characteristic, the Chapman and Chapman study actually looked for a cognitive phenomenon called this, the tendency to perceive connections where none exist.
What is an illusory correlation?
The process of identifying and choosing alternatives based on available information.
What is decision-making?
When we judge individuals based on stereotypes associated with their group affiliation, we fall prey to this bias. What is it called?
What is in-group bias?
A type of schema about events in time rather than for objects.
What are scripts?
True or false: The first number seen by participants did not create bias for the final estimate. With an extensive amount of time, they made a thorough and well-thought decision.
False
What type of projective test did the Chapmans use in their study, asking participants to interpret seemingly meaningless visual stimuli?
What are inkblots (Thematic Apperception Test)?
Choosing 1 stimulus to focus on. Mediated by existing preconceptions and expectations.
What is selective attention?
After an event unfolds, this bias makes us believe we could have predicted it, even though we couldn't have. What is it called?
What is hindsight bias?
Less time consuming methods of making decisions. When using these, people are selective of the options they consider. These are essentially mental shortcuts. However, these may incorrectly apply familiar schemas to situations that do not match.
What are heuristics?
This type of bias is referred to as the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered when making decisions. This bias is most prevalent when dealing with new concepts.
Although the study found no link between personality and responses to these tests, a broader concern was raised about their use in this context. What ethical principle was potentially violated?
What is informed consent (participants weren't fully informed about the study's purpose)?
Mental stress caused by the inconsistency between two or more contradictory beliefs/ideas.
What is cognitive dissonance?
This mental shortcut uses readily available information to make judgments, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions. What is it called?
What is an availability heuristic?
What is system 1 of thinking?
This type of "heuristic," introduced by Tversky and Kahneman, reflects a tendency to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind, rather than statistical probabilities, revealing a bias in decision making.
What is availability heuristic?
Despite its shortcomings, the Chapman and Chapman study helped highlight the importance of critical thinking and challenging assumptions, demonstrating the dangers of what cognitive bias?
What is confirmation bias?
Sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each other.
This bias arises from our tendency to trust experts, even when their expertise isn't relevant to the situation at hand. What is it called?
What is authority bias?
This mode of thinking is assumed to be a slow, conscious, and rational way of thinking. It is assumed to require more effort and starts by thinking carefully about all the possible ways to interpret a situation, eliminating possibilities based on sensory evidence until arriving at a conclusion.
What is system 2 mode of thinking?