Semester 2

Microbiology

100

What is microbiology 

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms

200

Microorganisms?

—Microorganisms are a large & diverse group of  microorganisms that exist in single cells or clusters

300

Which microorganism is acellular

virus

400

This person in 1847-1850 introduce antibotics and German-Hungarian physician also known as the father of infection control

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis or  Semmelweis

500

Give the 5 major kingdoms of microbes and state what can be found under two major ones 

Eukaryotes

   - Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Slime molds

2.Prokaryotes

◦ Bacteria, Archaebacteria

3.Viruses

4. Prions

600

Give two major shape categories of bacteria and describe their shape

Bacilli (rod) Cocci (circular)

700

What are the steps in gram reaction and what reagent Is used at each ?

1.Primary stain- crystal violet is added to fixed specimen of bacteria.  Both Gram negative bacteria and Gram positive bacteria become purple.

2.Mordant- Iodine is added to set the stain

3.Decolourization- Ethanol is added.  Gram negative bacteria lose their colour because there is relatively little peptidoglycan to hold the stain.  Gram positive bacteria retain the stain because of the thick layer of peptidoglycan.

4.Counterstain- safranin is added.  This turns decolourized Gram negative bacteria pink and Gram positive bacteria deeper purple.

800

How does substrances and fluid transport acrosss cell membrane?

state 3 and define 2 :( hush

1.Simple diffusion

2.Osmosis

3.Active transport

4.Facilitated diffusion

5.Group translocation

6.Engulfment

900

How do bacteria reproduce? what are the steps involved?

Binary Fission: Results in the separation of a single cell into two identical daughter cells each containing at least one copy of the parental DNA

—Elongation

—Replication of chromosomal DNA

—Invagination of cell envelope, formation of two new cells. 

1000

List the four growth stages of bacteria 

Lag,Exponential growth phase ,stationary and death

1100

Give 2 elements requirements, 2 environmental requirements and   1 growth factor required for bacteria growth 

elements -Carbon,Oxygen, Nitrogen, phosphate,(K, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca (trace elements))

environmental - temperature, hydrostatic pressure, pH, osmotic pressure

Growth factors -Amino acids and vitamins

1200

what is a Thermophiles, Barophiles and Halophiles ? 

Barophiles- thrive at high pressure

Thermophiles- thrive in high temperature

Halophiles- loves high salt concentrations  by maintaining a high intracellular concentration of salt

Health Assessment

100

What is the nursing process ?

An organized sequence of problem-solving steps used to identify and to manage the health problems of clients

200

What is communication?

Communication can be defined as the process by which people share ideas, experience, knowledge and feelings through the transmission of symbolic messages

300

Two forms of communications and what is their definitions 

•Verbal-refers to our use of words 

• nonverbal- refers to communication that occurs through means other than words, such as body language, gestures, and silence 

400

Active listening?

the process of fully attending to what the patient is communicating being aware of the client’s emotional state and using verbal and non-verbal skills to encourage the client to continue speaking

500

Give 5 verbal communication skills? and explain two

• Pace (speed) & intonation (rise and fall of the voice in speaking) – will modify the feelings and impact of the message. Intonation can express enthusiasm, sadness, anger, or amusement. Pace may indicate interest, boredom or fear.
• Simplicity - using commonly understood words, being brief and complete. Avoid the use of medical jargons. Using appropriate terms for age of client.

• Clarity (saying exactly what is meant) & brevity (using the fewest words necessary) – clear direct messages are more effective. To ensure clarity the nurse must speak slowly and enunciate carefully.
• Timing & relevance – regardless of how clearly one speaks the timing must be correct and the message must be relevant-be of interest or concern.
• Adaptability – spoken messages must be altered in accordance to clients behavioral cues (if client is upset - find out why) what is said must relate to the individual.
• Credibility – worthiness of belief/trust. To foster communication be consistent, dependable, and honest.
• Humor – can be positive, can be used to help client adjust to difficult and painful situations. Laughing can reduce tension, release physical stress as well as emotional stress.

600

List 7 non verbal communication skiled 

• Pace (speed) & intonation (rise and fall of the voice in speaking) – will modify the feelings and impact of the message. Intonation can express enthusiasm, sadness, anger, or amusement. Pace may indicate interest, boredom or fear.
• Simplicity - using commonly understood words, being brief and complete. Avoid the use of medical jargons. Using appropriate terms for age of client.
• Clarity (saying exactly what is meant) & brevity (using the fewest words necessary) – clear direct messages are more effective. To ensure clarity the nurse must speak slowly and enunciate carefully.
• Timing & relevance – regardless of how clearly one speaks the timing must be correct and the message must be relevant-be of interest or concern.
• Adaptability – spoken messages must be altered in accordance to clients behavioral cues (if client is upset - find out why) what is said must relate to the individual.
• Credibility – worthiness of belief/trust. To foster communication be consistent, dependable, and honest.
• Humor – can be positive, can be used to help client adjust to difficult and painful situations. Laughing can reduce tension, release physical stress as well as emotional stress.

700

6 barriers to communication 

•Stereotyping

•Agreeing and disagreeing

•Being defensive

•Challenging

•Probing

Testing

•Rejecting

•Changing topics

•Unwarranted reassurance

•Passing judgment

•Giving common advice

800

Give 3 characteristics of the Nursing Process 

Within the legal scope of nursing

Based on knowledge-requiring critical thinking

Planned-organized and systematic

Client-centred

Goal-directed

Prioritized

Dynamic

900

Health history ?

•Is a current collection of organized information unique to an individual.

•Collected using the clinical interview

1000

what is purpose of health history?

1.Provide the subjective database

2.Provides focus for the physical assessment

3.Identifying areas of strength and weaknesses

4.Identify patient health problems, both actual and potential

5.Identify supports

6.Identify teaching needs

7.Identify discharge needs

8.Identify referral needs

1100

Components of Health Process and explain all 

§Assessment

•Data collection

• 

Diagnosis

Analysis of data

Planning

Goals prioritized

Assessment

Data collection

Diagnosis

Analysis of data 

§Planning

Goals prioritized

1200

Components of Health history  give 4

•Biographic data

•Reason for seeking health care

•Present health or history of present health concern

•Past health history

•Family history

ANP

100

Identify the cell in the photo 

Erythrocytes 

200

What is hematocrit 

The percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements

300

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

Formed elements

400

Give two functions of the blood

transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes.

 Regulation of the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids

 The restriction of fluid losses at injury sites.  Defense against toxins and pathogens.  The stabilization of body temperature  

500

What is the brachiocephalic artery?

The first major branch off of the aorta and the major artery to the forelimbs and head.

600

Carried deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

Incorrect deoxygenated blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary artery to the lungs 

700

How does oxygenated blood flow through the heart?

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Then the mitral valve opens and the blood exits into the left ventricle. The mitral valve closes, and the blood is pushed into the aorta, where it travels to the rest of the body.

800

How is the cardiovascular system different than the circulatory system?

The cardiovascular system only deals with the structures that circulate blood. The circulatory system deals with the structures that circulate blood and/or lymph.

900

Proteins produce by the immune system that destroy foreign substances are called 

Antibodies 

1000

A paitient need 2 liters of packed red blood cells, The paitient is typed and cross-matched. The patient is typed and cross-matched. The patient has B+ blood. As a nurse you know the patient can receive what type of blood?

B+,O+,B-,O-

1100

Which lymphatic area is larger in a child than and adult and what is the largest lymphatic system ?

Thymus,spleen

1200

What are the lymphatic trunks and collecting ducts and functions 

thoracic duct- recieves lymph from lower limbs 

right lymphatic duct- recieves lymph from right side of head and neck, right upper limb

Nutrition in Health

100

What is carbohydrates 

 Many of this class of molecules have a common formula Cx (H2O)y which is carbon (carbo) and water (hydrate).  Carbohydrate compounds are also known as sugars or saccharides.  Carbohydrates are called polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. This means that carbohydrates contain hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (C=O) functionalities,

200

Dietary carbohydrates

Sugars

 Starch

 Fibre

  

300

Give an example of an monosaccaride, disaccharide and polysaccharide

 Sugars

◦Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose)

◦Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose)

 Starch and fibre

◦Polysaccharides

400

Human needs how much percentage of calories from carbohydrates 

 Carbohydrates

◦Total carbohydrates  45%-65% of total calories

500

differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

 Saturated fatty acids

◦Every carbon is filled or “saturated” with hydrogen

 Unsaturated fatty acids

◦Not filled with hydrogen

◦Less heavy, less dense

◦Monounsaturated: one unfilled spot

◦Polyunsaturated: two or more unfilled spots

600

Give 2 essencial fatty acid state the number of carbons, their number and one source

 Linoleic Acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid) Omega 6

◦18 carbons

◦2 double bonds

◦Polyunsaturated

◦Found in corn and soybean oils

◦ 

 Linolenic Acid* (polyunsaturated fatty acid) Omega 3

◦18 carbons

◦3 double bonds

◦Polyunsaturated

◦Found in soybean and canola oils

700

how is carbohydrates digest?

mouth -Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth to moisten the food. The salivary enzyme amylase begins digestion

stomach-Stomach acids inactivate salivary enzymes, halting starch digestion

small intestine and pancreas- Starch (pancreatic amylase) →small polysaccharide maltose

lactase-lactose

maltase-maltose

sucrase-sucrose

800

Give the 9 essential amino acids 

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

900

Functions of Proteins

 Building materials for growth and maintenance

 As enzymes

 As hormones

 As regulators of fluid and electrolyte balance

 Transporters

 Antibodies 

 As an energy source

1000

 1 gram protein provides?

  4 kilocalories (energy)

10-35% of total Calories

 0.8g/kg body weight 

1100

how many k/cals do carbs,protiens and fats yeild?

carbs 4kcal/g

fats 9kcal/g

proteins 4kcal/g

1200

what is digestion? and give 5 organs within the digetsive system

the process by which thebody breaks down food into smaller pieces that can be absorbed by the blood and sent to each cell in your body 

mouth,salivary glands oesophogus, liver, stomach, small and large intestine, gall bladder, duodeum and pancreas

Community health

100

what is community health

A group of people who share common interests, who interact with each other, and who function collectively within a defined social structure to address common concerns

A group of people living in the same place or having a  characteristic in common

A social group of any size, whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage

200

define health according to WHO

A state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

300

WHAT IS COMMUNITY HEALTH

A field of public health

A discipline which concerns itself with the study and improvement of the health characteristics of biological communities

400

Levels of Prevention are describe them

•Primary –prevention of the occurrence of a condition or problem, health promotion, illness and injury prevention

•Secondary – screening, diagnosis, treatment

•Tertiary – prevention of consequences, treatment of consequences, prevention of recurrence

500

State two physical environment that affects health

◦Geography

◦Climate

◦Terrain

◦Natural resources

◦Structural entities( buildings such as schools, workplaces and homes)

600

State 4 Biological environment factors that affects health

◦Flora

◦Fauna

◦Bacteria

◦Viruses

◦Moles

◦Fungi

◦Toxic substance

◦Food water supplies

700

Factors affecting health policy Implementation

}Community planning

}Community resources

}Community commitment

}Leadership

}Degree of change necessary

800

. Following is not a risk factor for development of diabetes mellitus?
a)Sedentary life style
b)Protein energy malnutrition in infancy
c)High intake of vitamin – A

C

900

The three core functions of public health are

•Assessment

•Policy Development

•Assurance

1000

are sub-populations within the larger population who possess some common characteristics often related to high risk for specific health problems

Aggregates 

1100

•The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health

Health promotion

1200

Refers to all organized measures(public/private) to prevent diseases, promote health and promote life among the population as a whole

Public Health

Psychology

100

what is psychology ?

Is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

200

William Wundt founded whichpsychological school of thought?

Structuralism

300

 which approach is focused on COMPONENTS of the MIND, it probes the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual’s adaptation to the environment

functionalism

400

 is a concept whose value change from case to case

™Variable

500

which research method is 

is primarily exploratory It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.

Some examples include;

Ethnography,Narrative, Case Study

Qualitative

600

This is the body’s electrochemical communication circuitry  sytem that is made up of nerves

Nervous system

700

List 7 main neurotransmitters 

•GABA

•Acetylcholine

•Glutamate

•Norepinephrine

•Oxytocin

•Dopamine

•Serotonin

800

which neurotransmitter is is found throughout the Central Nervous System. It plays a key function in the brain in inhibiting many neurons from firing (BRAKE). It’s the brain’s brake pedal. Low levels of  it is linked with anxiety

GABA

900

Frontal lobe functions 

In charge of emotions, reasoning, planning, movement and parts of speech

Useful in purposeful acts, creativity, judgment, problem solving- CEO

Damage to this area results in less control over fine movements, esp. in the fingers

1000

 What is Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia

inability to produce language and inability to understanding language.

1100

The body system consisting of a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream

Endocrine system

1200

what is the study of the degree and nature of heredity’s influence on behavior e.g.., twin studies, identical twins vs fraternal twins

Behavior genetics

Gen Knowledge 1

100

What is a heart attack?

a condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die

200

Ascorbic acid common name

vit c

300

I am an enriched media.

What is chocolate media?

400

Created the first laboratory of expiremental psychology in 1879

William Wundt

500

What are the subclavian arteries?

Both a left and right, blood vessels that supply blood to the shoulders and upper limbs.

600

The walls of the lymphatic vessels are similar to those of cardiovascular 

Veins

700

™Similar to bacteria. (shapes, binary fission, prokaryotic cell)

™Do not contain peptidoglycan.

™Ribosomal RNA sequence is different.

™Can grow in extreme environments, (salt con centration 10X seawater, very high temperatures).

Archaea

800

Helps organisms demonstrate hemolysis.

Blood agar 

900

What is the endocardium?

inner lining of the heart

1000

____________________  stain is done to tell whether a bacterial cell has a positive and negatively charged cell wall.

_______________ stain is done to be able to see microorganisms better using methylene blue.

Gram, simple

1100

Which therapeutic communication technique is being used in this nurse-client interaction?

Client: "When I get angry, I get into a fistfight with my wife or I take it out on the kids."

Nurse: "I notice that you are smiling as you talk about this physical violence." 

Making observations 

1200

A nurse is caring for a young mother who states that she is unhappy with her husband because he spends too much time with his friends during football season. The nurse agrees with the client that she is "right" and her assumption about her husband is inappropriately inattentive, which non-therapeutic communication technique is this an example of?

. Giving approval

Gen Knowledge 2

100

Real father of Jesus

God  

200

What are the atria?

the two upper chambers of the heart. There is a right atrium (which receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body) and a left atrium (which receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs).

300

The  method that is designed to achieve lawn growth. What plate am I?

What is Muehler Hinton plate?

400

Father of modern psychology

Sigmund Freud

500

What are the carotid arteries?

The major arteries that supplies blood to the head and brain.

600

The lymphatic trunk that drains the upper limb is the

Subclavian trunk

700

™Prokaryotes

™Has no membrane bound nucleus or organelles.

™Genetic material in region of cell called nucleoid.

™ Can be round, cylindrical, or spiral.

™Rigid cell wall with peptidoglycan.

™Multiply by binary fission.

Bacteria

800

Media that inhibits gram positive organisms from growing and is selective for lactose fermenters.

What is MacConkey?

900

What is the pericardium?

membranous, fluid-filled sac enclosing the heart, which anchors it in place and protects it from being jostled about

1000

________________ media contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes

_________________ media allows multiple types of microorganisms to grow, but display visible differences between colonies.

selective, differential

1100

 A nurse states to a client, "Things will look better tomorrow after a good night's sleep." This is an example of which communication technique?

The nontherapeutic technique of "giving false reassurance"

1200

 The nurses standing 4 feet away from the client with her arms crossed. At what space is the therapeutic communication interaction most comfortable within most cultural situations? 

3 to 6 feet