Before formatives 1
What is the mechanism of ranitidine + what is it used to treat?
Histamine H2 antagonist, reflux
The major cause of peptic ulcer is:
An infection with Helicobacter pylori
Which of the following drugs is most likely to produce a cough as a side effect?
A. Candesartan
B. Amoxicillin
C. Amlodipine
D. Ramipril
E. Celecoxib
Ramipril
A 22-year-old man sustained a deep laceration on the medial side of his left forearm and at the time was assessed to have severed his ulnar nerve. 6 months later he is reviewed and is found to have a type ‘claw hand’ deformity on the left. Describe one motor deficit that he may experience.
Finger abduction + adduction impaired
What 2 nerves are responsible for the afferent and efferent arms of the pupillary light reflex?
Optic, oculomotor
Acetylcholine produces bradycardia by stimulating:
M2 receptors
Which one of the following medications irreversibly binds to H+ / K+ ATPase?
A. β2 agonist
B. Corticosteroid
C. H1 antagonist
D. H2 antagonist
E. Proton pump inhibitor
Proton pump inhibitor
Mrs X recently commenced taking medication to treat high blood pressure and she has now developed peripheral (ankle) oedema. Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause this effect?
Amlodipine
A 22-year-old man sustained a deep laceration on the medial side of his left forearm and at the time was assessed to have severed his ulnar nerve. 6 months later he is reviewed and is found to have a type ‘claw hand’ deformity on the left. Describe one sensory deficit he may experience.
Loss of sensation over the medial 1.5 digits (pinky + ulnar side of ring finger)
A 43-year-old woman is found to have a BP of 150/90 mmHg on a routine check-up. She is otherwise well. She does not take any regular medications. She has never smoked, and drinks 2 standard drinks of alcohol per week. There is no family history of ischaemic heart disease. An ECG is performed. Which one of the following is the most appropriate reason for performing an ECG?
Evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy
If Drug A is more potent than Drug B, then:
A. Less of Drug A is required for the same effect as Drug B
B. More of Drug B is required for the same effect as Drug A
C. More of Drug A is required for the same effect as Drug B
D. Less of Drug B is required for the same effect as Drug A
Less of Drug A is required for the same effect as Drug B
Which of The Following Drug Combinations May Produce the Triple Whammy?
Irbesartan, ibuprofen, hydrochlorothiazide
A 45-year-old man is commenced on a loop diuretic for treatment of congestive cardiac failure. Which one of the following is the most common complication of this medication?
Hypokalaemia
What are the different classifications of nerve injury?
Neuropraxia
Axonotmesis
Neurotmesis
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood mostly in what form?
HCO3-
Which drug is a competitive antagonist at beta receptors?
A. Salbutamol
B. Salmeterol
C. Propranolol
D. Prazosin
Propranolol
A 55-year-old man presents with epigastric pain after taking ibuprofen long-term daily. Gastroscopy reveals a gastric ulcer. Which one of the following is the most likely mechanism through which ibuprofen causes this condition?
Ibuprofen reduces the production of prostaglandins formed by COX1 and reduces the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier
Which of the following drugs is NOT used in the treatment of elevated blood pressure?
A. Ramipril
B. Candesartan
C. Amlodipine
D. Hydrochlorothiazide
E. Ipratropium
Ipratropium
List 4 effective strategies for reducing alcohol related harm.
· Increase in price/taxation
· Access restriction
· Increased enforcement of rules surrounding drink driving
· Treatment and early intervention
Posterior to the neck of the pancreas, the portal vein is formed by the union of which two veins?
Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
In the treatment of bacterial infections which of the following drugs inhibits the bacterial enzyme dihydrofolate reductase?
A. Penicillin
B. Cephalexin
C. Doxycycline
D. Gentamicin
E. Trimethoprim
Trimethoprim
The herbaceous plant, St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is widely used for the treatment of what disorder?
Mild to moderate states of depression
A 28-year-old man is brought in by an ambulance to the Emergency Department after being found unconscious at home by his family. An empty container of pills was found with the label missing. Which one of the following clinical features is most suggestive of opioid overdose? (Look at answers carefully)
A. Reduced level of consciousness
B. Jaundice
C. ECG abnormality
D. Pupil constriction
E. LFT abnormality
Pupil constriction (due to reduction of catecholamines/sympathetic response)
A 23-year-old man sustains a 0.5cm long laceration on the pulp of his index finger from a sharp, clean knife while cutting eggplant. He puts on a band aid. Outline the major processes of healing of his wound from the time of injury to one month.
Time of injury
· Wound bleeds
· Blot clots and fills gaps between tissue
· Scab forms
24 hours
· Neutrophils appear at margins
· Epithelial cells move from wound edges and appendages
Day 3
· Neutrophils replaced by macrophages
· Granulation tissue (small amount)
Day 5
· Incisional space filled with granulation tissue
· Neovascularisation
· Collagen
· Epithelial cells
Week 2
· Accumulation of collagen and proliferation of fibroblasts
· Regression of vascular channels
Week 4
· Cellular connective tissues devoid of infiltrate
· Covered by intact dermis
What is the first step in investigating an epidemic?
Establish outbreak and confirm the diagnosis