Overview of Respiration
How many membranes does a Mitochondria have?
Has two membranes
Who/What uses Photosynthesis
Plants, some bacteria, and protists use photosynthesis.
What are the five steps of Photosystems?
Steps 1-5: Light Absorption, Water Splitting, Electron Transport Chain, Making ATP, and Second Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
How many molecules of CO2 are used in every turn of the Calvin Cycle (50 points)? Where does the Calvin Cycle take place(50 points)?
- Calvin Cycle takes place in the chloroplasts stroma
Describe Fermentation and what it creates
Fermentation is just glycolysis and it occurs in the cell's cytoplasm. It creates 2 ATP.
What are the five steps of Aerobic Respiration?
Steps 1-5: Glycolysis, Intermediate Step, Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), Electron Transport Chain (ETC), and ATP Synthase
Where can chloroplasts be found?
Chloroplasts are found in the Mesophyll cells; tissues that are in the interior of the leaf
How is oxygen produced during the light reactions?
Oxygen is produced in the water-splitting step of the Photosystem.
- 3 CO2 molecules each combine w/a five carbon molecule which makes 3 six carbon molecules, catalyzed by the enzyme, split in half
How are Anaerobic and Aerobic Different?
Anaerobic can occur without oxygen and Aerobic occurs with oxygen
What is the cells main goal during aerobic respiration?
To make ATP
How is oxygen made as a byproduct?
This process is done by photoautotrophs~uses light energy (photosynthesis) and carbon dioxide to make their own carbon compounds (autotrophs).
What generates the PMF (Proton Motive Force) during the light reactions? (TWO ANSWERS, EACH WORTH 200 POINTS)
Answer 1: Water Splitting
Answer 2: Electron Transport Chain
Describe what happens during Step 2 of Reduction
- Forms six G3P molecules, each of the six 3-carbon molecules receives a P from ATP-forming intermediate molecules.
What are the two main parts of photosynthesis?
Light reactions and dependent reaction
What is the overall purpose of the electron transport chain? (There can be two answers but either is fine)
Answer 1: Transporting Electrons
and/or
Answer 2: Generates PMF (Proton Motive Force)
What are the two photosystems in the Thylakoid Membrane called?
PSII and PSI
What are three things that happen in light behavior when light hits matter?
It is transmitted, Reflected, and then Absorbed
Describe what happens during Step 3 of Glucose
- One G3P molecule is used to synthesize glucose
Describe the Redox Tower
The molecules in the redox tower occur depending on the reduction potential (Top: Least Reduction and Bottom: Most Reduction)
How many ATP are formed and how many TOTAL ATP are formed during Aerobic Respiration?
26-34 ATP are formed and the total amount formed during Aerobic Respiration is 30-38 ATP.
What is a Stomata? What is a Stroma? What is a Thylakoid?
2.) Stromas are filled with watery fluids
3.) Thylakoids are filled sacs found in the Chloroplast structure
What are the three products at the end of the light reactions?
The three products at the end of the light reactions are ATP, Oxygen, and NADPH
Describe what happens during Step 4 of Regeneration
- The other five G3P molecules are rearranged to form RuBP (requires 2 ATP but restarts Calvin Cycle).
Where are the light reaction products used up during the Calvin cycle? What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?
- CO2 is used for carbon to make glucose. Is to incorporate CO2 into organic material.