Brain Areas
Which hemisphere is most dominant in bilinguals?
Left
What is the difference between a developmental and acquired language disorder?
Acquired is a result of neural trauma or neurological disease after language development is complete.
Developmental is a disorder that and individual has always had. It affects a child's ability to learn, understand and use language.
True or false: bilinguals show a earlier onset of dementia than monolinguals
False
What is episodic memory?
A form of long-term memory which stores personal experiences and events
True or false: Bilinguals tend to have smaller vocabularies in each individual language compared to monolinguals
True
What are the two brain areas most associated with language?
Wernicke's and Broca's areas
What is aphasia?
Resulting from damage to the brain regions responsible for speech and language comprehension
What do bilinguals outperform monolinguals in?
Attention, Working memory, and Long-term memory recall
What is working memory?
A type of memory responsible for temporarily holding and processing information
True or false: Although often temporary, bilingual children develop vocabulary and grammar faster compared to monolingual peers
False
Which neural pathway can be compared to a highway?
Arcuate fasciculus
Why was bilingualism considered a handicap?
It was thought to slow a child's development and forced them to spend too much energy going between both languages
What does lifelong bilingualism strengthen?
Inhibitory control, task-switching, and working memory
Bilingualism enhances what network of nerve fibers?
White matter
What can frequent code-switching lead to difficulties in?
Strict language separation
Which brain area initially grows in bilinguals and then plateaus?
Nucleus accumbens
What are the four categories of language disorders
Receptive, Expressive, Pragmatic and Fluency
Bilingualism is associated with higher gray matter volume in what brain regions?
Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and Inferior parietal lobe (IPL)
The cognitive benefits of bilingualism persist regardless of ________
Education, occupation, socioeconomic status
Maintaining proficiency in two languages, particularly in early development may involve greater ______
Cognitive load
Which brain area plays a role bilingual language control and bilingual switching?
Anterior cingulate cortex
What would happen if the arcuate fasciculus gets damaged?
There wouldn't be an efficient flow of information between Wernicke's and Broca's areas
Dementia prevalence was found to be only this percentage among bilinguals
0.4%
What is the intermediate stage of cognitive decline which often precedes dementia?
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
What is the phenomenon where young bilingual children may mix vocabulary or grammatical structures from both languages?
Language confusion