Evolutionary Processes
What happens when a new colony is founded by a small number of individuals?
Founder effect
What is speciation?
To classify species
What are the root, tip, branch, and nodes?
Root is the most ancestral branch
Tip is the endpoint of a branch or living taxa
Branch is the species through time
Nodes are the most recent common ancestor
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships
Antibodies VS Antigens
Antibodies are created to attack the pathogen
Antigens are the part of pathogen and make antibodies
What are the 4 modes of natural selection?
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Balancing selection
What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric?
Allopatric is genetic isolation due to geographic separation
Sympatric is genetic isolation without geographical separation
What is a polytomy?
A node that splits into 3 or more branches
What is the difference between ancestral and derived traits?
Ancestral traits a characteristic that existed in an ancestor
Derived traits a characteristic that is a modified form of the ancestral trait
Innate systems is the nonspecific system that try's to get the pathogen out
Adaptive systems are the specific system that has a specific way to deal with pathogens
What is Hardy Weinburg equalibrium?
A theory that genetic variation will stay constant through time
What is prezygotic and postzygotic?
Prezygotic are barriers that block mating
Postzygotic blocks fertilization or kills offspring in womb
What is the difference between sister groups and out group?
Out group is the first that splits
Sister group are taxa that break off from the same branch(most similar)
What is your favorite taxa?
Funsies free point yayyyyyyyyy!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
What are the two different T cells and what do they do?
Helper T cell that activates the B cells
Cytotoxic T cell that attacks the pathogen
If the G value is larger than the chi square, what does that mean for hardy weinburg equalibrium?
No evidence for equilibrium or evolution is present
What is the difference between dispersal and vicariance?
Dispersal is a passive movement of species to a different location
Vicariance is an environmental change that causes them to move
What is homoplasy?
Traits that multiple species have but got it independently but still share a ancestor but not from the ancestor ykyk
How do you organize info for a cladogram?
Find the similarities and traits and build the tree from most similarities to the least
What cell brings the antigens to the antibody producing cells?
Dendritic cells
What is the difference between gene flow and genetic drift?
Genetic drift is any change in allele frequencies in a
population due to chance
Gene flow is genetic exchange with another population
What is the difference between morphological, biological, and phylogenetic?
Morphological is physical differences
Biological is reproductive differences
Phylogenetic is ancestry differences
What is parsimony?
The simplest version of a phylogenetic tree of cladogram
What are the differences between monophyletic, polyphyletic, and paraphyletic?
Monophyletic is when the group has the common ancestor and ALL decedents
Polyphyletic shows multiple ancestors grouped by traits rather than ancestry
Paraphyletic is the common ancestor and SOME of the decedents but not all
What is the difference between cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity?
Cell mediated immunity uses cells to kill pathogens(phagocytosis)
Humoral immunity is when antibodies attack the pathogens