Neural Pathways
What is the first step before an action potential begins?
The neuron membrane is at resting potential, meaning it has a stable, negative charge inside compared to outside.
What connective tissue membrane surrounds an entire nerve for protection?
Epineurium
Which cranial nerve transmits visual input from the retina to the brain?
Optic Nerve – CN II
What part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?
What brain region contains relay centers for eye and ear reflexes? (Midbrain)
What part of the brain regulates emotions, memory, and motivation? (Limbic System)
What condition is caused by neuron degeneration and leads to memory loss and cognitive decline? (Alzheimer’s Disease)
What brain region does not regulate emotions but is essential for coordination and fine motor control? (Cerebellum)
Occipital Lobe
What hormone is used for emergency treatment of anaphylaxis, increasing heart rate and opening airways?
Epinephrine Injection
What channels open late in an action potential to repolarize the membrane?
Potassium Channels
What type of nerves contain only efferent fibers that send signals from the CNS to muscles or glands?
Motor Nerves
What is the function of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?
Controls eye movements, pupil constriction, and lens shape.
What brain region contains relay centers for eye and ear reflexes?
Midbrain
What hormone-like substances are are involved in inflammation and are produced by almost all body cells?
Prostaglandins
This condition results from inflammation of a nerve originating in the lower spine (Lumbar/sacral), causing pain, numbness, or weakness in the leg.
What is sciatica?
Which nervous system division is responsible for increasing heart rate and pupil dilation while inhibiting digestion?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell (give the name and number)?
Olfactory Nerve – CN I
What part of the brain regulates emotions, memory, and motivation?
Limbic System
What endocrine disorder is characterized by high blood glucose, frequent urination, and excessive thirst?
Diabetes Mellitus
Which nervous system division is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle control?
Somatic Nervous System
What simple reflex helps maintain posture by triggering a muscle contraction when the patellar tendon is tapped?
Knee-Jerk Reflex (also a spinal and stretch reflex)
Which motor cranial nerves control eye movements?
Oculomotor (CN III), Trochlear (CN IV), and Abducens (CN VI).
What condition is caused by neuron degeneration and leads to memory loss and cognitive decline (Impaired intelligence)?
Alzheimer’s Disease
What hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex and helps manage stress and metabolism?
Cortisol
Where do sympathetic neurons originate in the spinal cord?
Thoracic and lumbar regions
What condition is caused by bleeding between the dura mater and the skull due to head trauma?
Epidural Hematoma
Which cranial nerve supplies motor impulses to the tongue for speech and swallowing? (Give the name and number)
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
What brain region does not initiate voluntary movements but is essential for coordination (balance) and fine motor control?
Cerebellum
What hormone targets the uterus and mammary glands, stimulating labor contractions and milk ejection?
Oxytocin