BIOLOGY BASICS
Which of the following is correct?
A) A hypothesis combines results from different experiments and states them in broader terms
B) A theory has as much supporting evidence as a hypothesis
C) Theories cannot be proven incorrect
D) Hypotheses must be falsifiable (able to be shown to be incorrect)
D: Hypotheses must be falsifiable
To create a protein, both ___ and ___ must happen.
A) DNA replication and Translation
B) DNS replication and Transcription
C) Transcription and Translation
D) mRNA splicing and Translation
C: Transcription and Translation
What are mutations? Are they always harmful? Why or why not?
A mutation is a change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. They are not always bad, as some mutations do not change the final protein that is made and are called silent mutations. Along with that, mutation can lead to stronger offspring and is the root cause of evolution
A full set of an individual’s DNA is called
A) A genome
B) A gene
C) An allele
D) A chromosome
In meiosis…
A) Only the sister chromatids separate
B) The resulting four cells have 1/4th the normal amount of DNA
C) Both homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids split from each other
C) New cells are created to repair damage
C) Both homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids split from each other
Biology can be studied at which of the following levels?
A) Tissues
B) Organism
C) Ecosystem
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
In eukaryotic cells like our own, where does DNA replication occur?
A) In the cytoplasm
B) Within the ribosome
C) Within the nucleus
D) Both the nucleus and cytoplasm
C: Within the nucleus
What are the 2 types of mutations discussed in class and which is the most likely to have disastrous effects?
Base Substitiution: when one base is switched for a different
Base Addition/Deletion: when a base is added or deleted from the sequence.
Base Addition/Deletion is more detrimental because it changes the reading frame, changing each amino acid after the mutation happens
Which of the following is true?
A) DNA is made up of nucleic acid monomers
B) DNA is made up of amino acid monomers
C) RNA is made up of nucleotide monomers
D) Protein is made up of nucleotide monomers
C: RNA is made up of nucleotide monomers
During most of the cell cycle, the cells remain in _____
Interphase
Which of the following is NOT true regarding science?
A) Science typically uses a general procedure called the scientific method
B)Science is the only way to explain the natural world
C) Scientific findings are peer-reviewed before being published
D) Science attempts to find explanations to observations of the natural worl
B) Science is the only way to explain the natural world
Briefly describe what happens during Translation:
The mRNA strand is read by the ribosome. Each codon passes through and a tRNA molecules matches the codon with the anti-codon. This brings the amino acid.
Why is cancer considered genetic?
Some people are more predisopsed due to having a mutated tumor suppressor gene or oncogene. Though the environment as we age begins to have more of an effect.
______ is has a more stable configuration than _____
1) DNA
2) RNA
Mitosis OR Meiosis is responsible for the diversity in people
Meiosis
There are 7 characteristics often used to define life. List 4 of them
- Cells
-Reproduction/ DNA/ RNA
-Response to change/ Adapt
-Growth/ Development
-Obtain and Use energy
-Evolution
-Organization
What molecule leaves the nucleus to be transcribed during translation into the amino acid?
mRNA
In what genes must mutations form before cancer can form? Are both mutations needed?
Mutations must occur in the tumor-suppressor genes and in the proto-oncogenes. Both genes must have a mutation before the cell becomes cancerous.
Match the following nucleic bases as either DNA or RNA
A
T
C
G
U
DNA: A,T,C,G
RNA: A,U,C,G
How does cancer relate to Mitosis?
Cancer is uncontrolled cell division, so cancer is what happens when mitosis is not controlled
What are totipotent cells and why are they important?
Totipotent cells are stem cells. They are important because they have the ability to be any other type of cells in the body
What are some differences between DNA replication and Transcription? What are some similarities?
DNA replications results in two copies of DNA, while Transcription results in one strand of mRNA. The main enzyme in DNA replication is DNA polymerase, while RNA polymerase is used in Transcription.
Both processes take place in the nucleus, and both utilize complimentary base pairing to build new polymers from free floating nucleotides
What are the different types of tumor?
Benign Tumors: Slow growing, definite borders, normal looking
Malignant Tumors: Fast Growing, no definite borders, dis-configured cells, can cause mets-- new cancer locations due to the tumor cells moving.
If you 20% of DNA is nucleotide C, what percentage is nucleotide A?
A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 10%
D) 40%
B) 40%
What are some differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis ends with two cells that are identical to each other while meiosis ends with four cells that are different. The end cells of mitosis also have the full amount of DNA while the end cells of meiosis contain half the normal amount of DNA. The functions of these processes are different as well, as mitosis is used for repairing damage and growth, but meiosis is only used to create gametes.