In the laboratory
The first step in isolating and analyzing genetic material is typically:
1. extraction
2. manipulation
3. elongation
4. electrification
1. extraction
Molecular cloning allows for all of the following EXCEPT:
1. the creation of multiple copies of a gene
2. the expression of a foreign gene (gene of interest, or target gene)
3. the study and research of specific genes
4. all of the choices are correct
5. the creation of a complete multi-cellular organism
5. the creation of a complete multi-cellular organism
The enzyme used in molecular cloning to cut or cleave both the vector and the DNA fragment of interest is the:
1. DNA ligase
2. DNA polymerase
3. restriction endonuclease
4. DNA fragmatase
3. restriction endonuclease
In nature, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly InterSpaced Palindromic Repeats), along with CAS9 proteins, refer to a system that functions as:
1. a viral infection mechanism
2. a plant cell immune system
3. a bacterial immune system
4. a bacterial cloning system
3. a bacterial immune system
A nucleic acid consists of all of the following components EXCEPT:
1. an amino group
2. a phosphate group
3. a nitrogenous base
4. a ribose sugar
1. an amino group
Reproductive cloning is different than molecular cloning in that it is a method that can: (more than one answer)
1. make an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism
2. there is no difference between the two
3. produce vaccines on a large scale
4. produce embryonic stem cells
5. use CRISPR to find a target gene
1. make an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism,
4. produce embryonic stem cells
In gel electrophoresis of DNA, the different bands in the final gel form because the DNA molecule fragments ________.
1. are from different organisms
2. have different lengths
3. have different genes
4. have different nucleotide compositions
2. have different lengths
The vector commonly used in molecular cloning is a:
1. foreign DNA
2. bacterial genome
3. bacterial RNA
4. ribosome
5. bacterial plasmid
5. bacterial plasmid
The enzyme used in molecular cloning to help connect and seal the vector and DNA fragment of interest together is the:
1. DNA ligase
2. RNA polymerase
3. DNA polymerase
4. restriction endonuclease
1. DNA ligase
A bacteriophage is a type of:
1. virus that infects prokaryotes
2. bacteria that infects eukaryotes
3. virus that infects eukaryotes
4. plasmid that infects viruses
1. virus that infects prokaryotes
The main advantage of ___________________ is that it can create an immunologically compatible transplant for a patient, who provides the donor somatic cells in the cloning process.
1. Human Therapeutic Cloning
2. Transgenic Cloning
3. Molecular Cloning
4. Reproductive Cloning
1. Human Therapeutic Cloning
In reproductive cloning, the cytoplasm of what type of cell is needed for its special components?
1. egg cell
2. sperm cell
3. nerve cell
4. somatic cell
1. egg cell
Gel electrophoresis allows molecules to migrate along the gel at different rates by using:
1. diffusion
2. an electrical field
3. active transport
4. gravity
5. osmosis
2. an electrical field
Sticky ends of the vector and the DNA fragment of interest anneal (bind together) by:
1. Van der Waals interactions along the DNA molecules
2. covalent bonding between the complimentary base pairs
3. hydrogen bonding between the complimentary base pairs
4. phosphodiester bonding between the complimentary base pairs
3. hydrogen bonding between the complimentary base pairs
Restriction enzymes have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
1. all of the choices are correct
2. they cut DNA at predictable locations called the target sites
3. they recognize specific DNA sequences
4. they produce "sticky ends" of the fragments they are cleaving
5. they are naturally produced in bacteria as a defense against foreign DNA
1. all of the choices are correct
In biotechnology, the CRISPR-Cas9 system:
1. uses a 20 base-pair guide RNA
2. is used to edit a genome
3. all of the choices are correct
4. can be used to replace a damaged piece of DNA with a healthy piece
3. all of the choices are correct
If a person donates his or her stem cells to a bioengineering facility for them to store so that they may use them at a later date to cure a disease, that is known as:
1. Autology
2. Homology
3. Transgenics
4. Cisgenics
1. Autology
In reproductive cloning, the nucleus of the egg cell is removed, and a diploid somatic cell is fused with it by typically using:
1. thermal shock
2. CRISPR techniques
3. normal fertilization fusion
4. diffusion
5. electric shock
5. electric shock
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is used to:
1. separate proteins from DNA
2. extract DNA from a sample of tissue
3. artificially create RNA from DNA templates
4. rapidly increase specific regions of DNA
4. rapidly increase specific regions of DNA
A blastocyst is: (more than one answer)
1. an unfertilized egg cell
2. a type of haploid gamete
3. a ball of cells that contain stem cells
4. an early stage of embryonic development
3. a ball of cells that contain stem cells
4. an early stage of embryonic development
The study of DNA sequences to find out what the gene or DNA fragment does is known as:
1. transgenics
2. cisgenics
3. reverse genetics
4. autology
3. reverse genetics
In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from:
1. a sperm cell
2. an egg cell
3. a somatic cell
4. any gamete
3. a somatic cell