PCR
What is step 1 of PCR?
Denaturation - heating test tube so the two DNA strands separate so template DNA is accessible to primers
What force draws the DNA fragments across the gel in electrophoresis?
The positive electrode
What are the two processes of the immune system?
Acquired and Innate
What organism does a plasmid come from?
Bacteria (chromosomal DNA)
What process is used to establish paternity and identify individuals from tragedies?
DNA fingerprinting
What is step 2 of PCR?
Annealing - primers and template strand bind
What is the purpose of the marker lane?
Scale - to provide a scale of reference of different fragment sizes to compare your samples to
What is the site of the antigen that reacts with its specific antibody or T cell receptor called?
Epitope
Generally, when a plasmid enters a foreign cell does it integrate or stay separate from the cell's original DNA?
Stays separate
What is the last step of the cloning process?
Protein production
What is step 3 of PCR?
Extension (elongation) - temperature is raised slightly so that DNA polymerase can bind
What does kb stand for?
Kilobases
Where are the B cells formed and where do they mature?
The bone marrow
What is the most common way to get a plasmid past the cell membrane?
Heat shock - makes holes in the membrane
Which end of the DNA template strand does DNA polymerase bind to to begin synthesis?
3' end
What general charge does DNA have and why?
Negative - polar bonds on sugar-phosphate backbone
What are the types of T-cells?
Killer and helper T-cells
What makes a plasmid different than a circular piece of DNA?
The replication origin
What is the short stretch of DNA that initiates PCR reaction called?
Primers
What is the gel called that is used in gel electrophoresis and what macro molecule is it made of?
Agaros gel - polysaccharide
Stomach acid, swelling, skin, and macrophages are examples of which type of immune system?
Innate immune system
Selection screens bacteria by introducing what substance to the solution?
antibiotics