Muscles
How does kinesin walk along tubulin?
The trailing head hydrolyzes releasing from the tubulin, then the leading head stiffens allowing the trailing head to swing around and become the new leading head.
If your blood sugar is low, what happens to the glucagon in your liver?
It is converted back into glucose and released into your blood stream.
What protein does insulin activate?
PP1
GlucAgon activates PKA
What does PKA stand for?
Protein Kinase A
What are plastids?
Plastids are organelles similar to mitochondria; both are believed to have evolved from endosymbiosis. They are found in plant cells and are responsible for pigment production, and nutrient storage.
What does Titin do?
Acts as the structure for the muscles, and acts as the spring that brings them back to their original shape when stretched or compressed.
What element is regulated by the body related to breathing?
Carbon Dioxide
What cells does insulin bind to, in order to signal that blood sugar is high?
Beta cells.
Glucagon signals alpha cells when blood sugar is low
What processes does glucagon activate in the end?
Glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.
It inhibits lipogenesis and glycogenesis, which in turn are activated by insulin.
What do osmoreceptors do?
They monitor and regulate water concentration in the body.
How does actin grow and shrink?
ATP cells assemble on one end the hydrolized ADP then disasembles on the other end.
What are homeotherms?
Homeotherms are organisms that maintain highly consistent internal temperatures.
Why is a lack of insulin dangerous?
If leads to a buildup of glucose in the blood stream where muscles are unable to get the energy they need, this build up leads to DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis) which is life threatening.
(Daily Double) Draw a diagram of blood sugar is raised by glucagon using a liver cell.
N/a
What is the difference between ethanol and lactic acid fermentation? And give an example of each.
Both begin with pyruvate; ethanol fermentation is completed through the decarboxylation of pyruvate, releasing carbon dioxide, and then is reduced to acetaldehyde, which is further reduced to ethanol by NADH. Beer would be an exam of this process. Alternatively with lactic fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid (or lactate) by NADH. Yogurt is an example of this process.
Tubulin assembles and disassembles on the same end, which is called the dynamic end, which motor protein walks towards the dynamic end and walks away?
Dyneins walk away from the dynamic end, kinesins walk towards the dynamic end.
To secrete insulin what 3 processes are used by beta cells?
Secretory vesicles, Exocytosis, and the cytoskeleton.
What are the three similarities between insulin and glucagon?
Both are a protein hormone, both help maintain homeostasis, and both cause outcomes that reduce their own secretion.
What protein shuts off glycogenesis?
PKA
How do brown fats produce heat?
They generate heat by oxidizing a lot of Carbon in their mitochondria and using proteins like thermogenin that allow protons to flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane without driving ATP synthase.
What are the differences between Type 1 and type 2 muscles?
Type 1 are slow twitch and made for endurance. They gain energy through oxidative respiration, which means they have a greater number of mitochondria. They gain energy from fatty acid stores. Type 2 are fast twitch and gain energy from fermentation. They are made for quick burst of energy that occur faster than oxidation can occur, due to this they use sugars to gain energy. Unfortunately, that also means they result in dead-end molecules that can no longer be used by the body.
What mechanism is used to regulate are blood oxygen levels?
There isn't one. Blood carbon dioxide rates are controlled instead and regulated by breathing rate.
What does the absence of insulin cause?
Diabetes.
What organ releases glucose?
The liver
What is photorespiration and why is it bad?
Photorespiration is what RuBisCo confuses O2 for CO2. This is taxing for the plant because in addition to later fixing the carbon the plant needs to first convert the O2 to CO2.