Mushrooms
What are the hyphae?
The one cell thick filaments that fungi are composed of.
In simple terms, define parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
Parasitism- one benefits, one is hurt
Mutualism- Both benefit
Commensalism - one benefits, one is unaffected
Name the all the membranes of the Chloroplast and which membrane contains the organelles that performs a reaction for photosynthesis is. Also, what that reaction is.
Inner, outer, and thylakoid. Thylakoid membrane contains the organelles that perform photosynthesis, and light dependent reactions.
What is genetic diversity?
The diversity of alleles and genomes within a particular population
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
The chloroplast.
What are the organisms that most commonly cause yeast infections? (the answer isn't just yeast but a specific formation)
Pseudo hyphae forming yeast.
What is an example of primary and secondary succession and what is the different between the two.
Primary succession is the first foundational species such as a kelp or moss growing on rocks. Secondary succession is the first bushes or shrubs that come in and begin growing in the dirt the moss or lichen have made.
How does the xylem transport and what does it transport?
The xylem transports water up the plant using a combination of root pressure and transpiration pull.
What is the difference between species and functional diversity
Oxygen will be generated by the light reactions if the light reactions are producing what?
NADPH from NADP
What is lichen made from?
Fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.
What is the difference between a keystone and a foundation species? And name an animal that could be seen as both a foundation and keystone species.
Keystone species create a variety of niches and act as the "keystone" within their environment. The foundation species is the niche that the ecosystem was built upon, as in they make the area an ecosystem. Beavers, Coral, or Krill.
How do C3 plants fix carbon differently from C4 plants?
C3 plants fix carbon in the mycophile cell, whereas C4 plants fix carbon in separate bundle cells which allow them to fix carbon more efficiently.
What is an ecological disturbance?
Any event, either natural or anthropogenic, that disrupts an ecosystem altering its structure, composition, or resources. Ie., a forest fire or a dental cleaning.
What do light reactions do?
Occurs in and around the thylakoid membrane, uses components like photosystem I, photosystem II, and generates NADPH. Additionally, the molecules that accomplish light reactions are what give leaves their green color, powers ATP phosphorylation, oxidizes water.
What is the collective term for hyphae?
Mycelium.
What are specialists and generalists? Name an example of each and why they are either a specialist or generalist.
A specialist tends to have a limited diet, specializing in one particular niche, they are usually K species. Generalists fill in the gaps around specialists having a wildly diverse diet and fill multiple niches. They also tend to be r species.
What is an example of a CAM plant and what are their characteristics.
CAM plants open their stomas at night so they can have their stomas open without losing a large amount of water. During the day they create oxygen and fix carbon. The adaptation is due to them primarily living in very hot and dry climates. Pineapples and cacti are CAM plants.
What are three ways to protect biodiversity?
Reduce habitat fragmentation, avoid habitat reduction, reintroduce or protect keystone species, recreate habitats in urban environments, and reduce invasive species.
What does the Calvin cycle do and how is it powered?
Sometimes referred to as dark reactions the Calvin cycle does not require light to occur and is instead fueled by ATP and NADPH. It uses 3 carbon sugars to produce the 5-carbon sugar, ribulose bisphosphate, and vice versa. Most importantly it fixes carbon dioxide.
What fungi is nearly universal amongst plants?
Mycorrhizae Fungi, which trades the plant roots for sugar by giving them nutrients.
Explain the energy flow between ALL trophic levels as well as the nutrient flow by giving examples of animals who share an ecosystem.
The sun gives off heat which primary producers such as grass turn into ATP to consume. The primary consumers such as snails then eat the nutrient rich grass gaining energy. The secondary consumers such as shrews eat the snails. The tertiary consumer such as a barn owl eats the shrew gaining energy and nutrients. When any of the animals or plants die decomposers gain nutrients and energy from consuming them.
How does phloem move what it does around the plant and where does that end up?
The phloem transports nutrients and sugar around the plant. Most sugar is transported to the leaves, but it used as energy to evaporatively cool the plant. The rest of the sugar ends up in sugar sinks like fruits.
When is biodiversity a bad thing for an ecosystem?
In regard to invasive species or species that actively harm or reduce keystone species to an unstable population.
What is the difference between photosystem I and photosystem II? OR draw the stroma showing these two processes. (Daily Double)
The key difference lies in their light absorption and electron transfer pathways. PSII absorbs shorter wavelengths of light (around 680 nm) and initiates the process by splitting water, releasing electrons and oxygen. PSI absorbs longer wavelengths (around 700 nm) and receives electrons from PSII, ultimately reducing NADP+ to NADPH.