Genetics
When do you use the Addition Rule? When do you use the Multiplication Rule?
Addition Rule: When 2 events cannot happen at the same time
Ex: What is the chance a child is born with the disease OR is a carrier?
Multiplication Rule: When 2 independent events occur together
Ex: Find the probability of having a boy AND then a girl
What is Chargaff's Rule?
A = T & G = C
What is a promoter element that is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes?
The TATA box
What is the protein shell that encloses the viral genome?
A capsid
What are the three binding sites for tRNA?
The P site, A site, and E site
In a cross between true-breeding purple-flowered and white-flowered pea plants, what flower colors are present in the F1 and F2 generations?
Parental: Purple (PP) x White (pp)
F1 (P x P) = Pp (All 4)
F2 (F1 x F1) = PP (1), Pp (2), pp (1)
What does the semiconservative model of replication predict when a double helix replicates?
When a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand (light strand) and one newly made strand
During translation, what direction are codons read in?
5' to 3' direction
What is a phage that only reproduces by the lytic cycle called?
A virulent phage
What protein untwists the double helix and separates the template DNA strand at the replication fork?
Helicase
How can you determine the genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype?
Through a testcross where you breed the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual
What direction does the new DNA strand elongate in? __' to ___'
5' to 3'
What process allows the number of proteins an organism can produce to be greater than the number of its genes?
Alternative splicing
What are phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles called?
Temperate phages
In a cross between true-breeding purple-flowered and white-flowered pea plants, what flower colors are present in the F1 and F2 generations?
Parental: Purple (PP) x White (pp)
F1 (P x P) = Pp (All 4)
F2 (F1 x F1) = PP (1), Pp (2), pp (1)
Which of Mendel's laws is responsible for the distribution of homologous chromosomes in Meiosis I
Law of segregation: 2 alleles will separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
What free end (___') do DNA polymerases add nucleotides to?
The free 3' end
The genetic code is ______ but not _______
Redundant, but not ambiguous
Redundant: Different codons can code for the same amino acid
Ambiguous: Each codon ONLY specifies one amino acid)
What is the viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome called?
A provirus
What process do retroviruses use to copy their RNA genome into DNA
Reverse Transcriptase
What are the differences between complete dominance, codominance, and incomplete dominance
Complete dominance: Heterozygote is identical to the dominant homozygote
Codominance: Heterozygote expresses both the dominant and recessive homozygotes
Incomplete Dominance: The heterozygote is a mix/hybrid of both the dominant and recessive homozygotes
What direction do the leading strand and lagging strand move in respect to the replication fork?
The leading strand moves towards the replication fork
The lagging strand moves away from the replication fork
What mutation has no effect on an encoded protein due to the redundancy of the genetic code?
Silent mutations
What is the difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle?
Lytic cycle: Breaks and destroys the host cell
Lysogenic cycle: Does not destroy the host cell
How many gametes are affected if there is nondisjunction in Meiosis II?
Two gametes
(n+1), (n-1), (n), (n)