Cellular Respiration
The pyruvate gets broken down, it loses a co2 and a co A enzyme is added to create acetyl CoA which is the molecule that can enter the citric acid cycle.
Where in photosynthesis is O2 produced?
Light dependent reactions.
In G1, initial growth is happening. This is where the cell is starting to get the signal that it is time to divide because the surface area to volume ratio is starting to be off. In S we have DNA synthesis, this is where we replicate chromosomes and Sister chromatids are made here, in G2 we are making more material like the phospholipid bilayer and and cytoplasm to prepare for division.
Diploid describes ______ cells and haploid describes _______ cells?
Body or somatic cells, gametes.
Define the following: Phenotype, Genotype, allele, homozygous, heterozygous.
Phenotype is how it looks, physical appearance.
Genotype is genetic composition and a description of the alleles carried by the offspring.
Alleles are different forms of genes
Homozygous means they have 2 of the same gene -HH or hh
Heterozygous means they have different versions of the gene - Hh
In one turn of the citric acid cycle, how many Co2 are released?
2 Co2 in one turn.
Calvin Cycle.
What happens to a cell in Metaphase?
The spindles are connected to the kinetochore of the sister chromatids and the sister chromatids begin to line up in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate. They are preparing to separate.
Define homologs. How do they differ from sister chromatids?
Homologs are two copies of a particular chromosome, one from mom and one from dad. Each chromosome codes for the same alleles but may carry different variations for example both have eye color but one is blue and one may be brown. Sister chromatids are identical copies of chromosomes.
Draw a punnet square that demonstrates incomplete dominance.
Any heterozygous organisms should be a blend of their parents.
In we have one glucose molecule, how many pyruvate do we get? How many turns of the citric acid cycle happen?
2 pyruvate
2 turns of CAC
What is the job of the Calvin cycle?
To create sugar.
What is the product of mitosis?
Genetically identical daughter cells.
What gene on the Y chromosome determines maleness? How does it work?
SRY determines maleness. It works like a switch if it is on you are male if it is off you develop as a female.
In codominance the heterozygous individual gets both alleles fully expressed. Like in blood type AB both are fully expressed one isn't recessive to the other and there is no blending.
How many ATP do we get from CAC?
1 ATP for one turn. 2 ATP for 1 glucose molecule.
3 Co2 enter plus rubisco to give us a 3, 6 carbon molecules. That gets changed into 6, 3 carbon molecules. 6 ATP enter and are changed to 6 ADP. We stay at a 6, 3 carbon molecules. Then 6 NADPH enter and 6 NADP+ leave. We stay at 6,3 carbon molecules, we take one 3 carbon molecule out to make sugar and then we have a 5 3 carbon molecules left. We eventually get to 3 5 carbon molecules which is what RuBP is.
The cell will enter interphase and the volume and surface area ratio will signal the cell to divide. When it gets too big but doesn't have the surface area to perform its duties it will decide to divide.
In prophase 1, crossing over occurs and it adds to the genetic variation of the gametes produced.
A color blind male and a female who is a carrier for color blindness have a baby. If the baby is a boy, what is the probability that he will be colorblind?
1/2 of her sons would be color blind. Or 50% chance that her son would be color blind.
Explain what happens in the ETC in as much detail as possible.
The electron transport chain passes electrons from protein to protein. The electrons come from NADH and FADH2. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. By collecting H+ ions and pumping them across a membrane we get a gradient the processes of pumping across powers ATP synthase which turns ADP + P into ATP giving us energy! :)
What is cyclic electron flow?
an alternative light-dependent reaction pathway that allows chloroplasts to produce additional ATP without producing NADPH
What is contact inhibition and what happens when cells lose their sense of contact inhibition?
Contact inhibition is when cells are dividing to fill a gap like in a cut in the skin and once the cells are touching more cells they stop dividing. If the contact inhibition is lost, cancer occurs.
Walk through the process of meiosis 1 and 2. What happens in each phase and how many cells do we get at the end?
First a single cell goes into meiosis. In prophase one we have crossing over, spindles forming and homologs. In metaphase 1 the homologs line up at the metaphase plate. The spindles connect the the kinetochores of one sister chromatid in the pair. In anaphase 1 the homologs separate and then in telophase and cytokinesis 1 we separate to 2 daughter cells. In meiosis 2 both cells go through PMAT again this time with no crossing over in prophase 2 and in metaphase 2 we have sister chromatids separating. We end with 4 cells total that are genetically different.
A color blind male and a female who is a carrier for color blindness have a baby. Of the whole progeny or of both male and females what are the chances that she has a color blind baby?
1/4 of the progeny will be color blind.