Cell Structure and Components
List 3 structures that are present in both plant and animal cells.
Nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, etc
What type of molecules can diffuse through the plasma membrane without the aid of proteins? Example?
small non-polar molecules. ex: O2 and CO2
What it OILRIG? explain what it means.
Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain.
losing or gaining electrons.
What molecules get oxidized during photosynthesis?
Water gets oxidized into oxygen and sugar gets oxidized into carbon dioxide.
When n=2, and your resulting cell is 2n, how many chromosomes will the last cell end up with?
4 chromosomes.
Why is having a higher SA:V important for cells?
Staying small gives cells a higher SA:V, which allows all process at the plasma membrane to occur more efficiently.
What are the major types of transport through a membrane?
diffusion, osmosis, and active transport
How many ATPs are made in the oxidative phosphorylation phase? Where does it occur?
28 ATPS
in the mitochondria
Where does the calvin cycle take place? What is the final product of the calvin cycle?
It takes place in the stroma. the final product is G3P.
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
asexual reproduction- one parent splits into two genetically identical offspring
sexual reproduction- the combination of male and female gametes, leading to genetically varied offspring
What are the three types of cytoskeleton? Briefly define 2 of them.
1. microtubules- can be rapidly assembled and disassembled; form the mitotic spindle and highways for vesicle traffic
2. intermediate filaments- anchor organelles in place, especially the nucleus
3. microfilaments- form a layer immediately inside the plasma membrane, which reinforces the membrane and controls changes in its shape
What are 3 changes plant and animal cells undergo based on different osmotic pressures? briefly define 2 of them
1. hypotonic solutions- lower solute concentration outside the cell, water will osmose into the cell
2. isotonic solution- equal solute concentration outside/inside the cell; no eater movement
3. hypertonic solution- higher solute concentration outside the cell; water will osmose out of the cell
How many ATPs are made in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle? Where does each take place?
glycolysis- 2 net yield ATP, in the cytoplasm
pyruvate oxidation- 0 ATP, in the mitochondria
citric acid cycle- 2 ATP, in the mitochondria
Where does Light Reactions take place? What provides electrons to the photosystems?
It occurs in the thylakoids. water provides electrons to the photosystems
What is the importance of anchorage, cell-cell interaction, growth factors, and cell cycle checkpoints in regulating mitosis and the cell cycle as a whole?
They help the cell adhere to the surface and sense the surrounding, allowing the cell to restore any missing cells if necessary. Checkpoints help monitor the cell and make sure "bad" cells don't undergo cell division.
What is the endosymbiont theory? What are the evidence supporting it?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts act like independent cells, but they're inside a bigger cell.
1. cells cannot make new mitochondria and chloroplasts
2. mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes
3. their DNA and ribosomes are much similar to other eukaryotic DNA and ribosomes
4. there are close relatives of both mitochondria and chloroplasts still living as independent prokaryotic cells today
What are the ways enzymes can be inhibited? Define each one.
Competitive inhibition- the inhibitor binds to the active site and directly blocks the substrate from entering
non-competitive inhibition- the inhibitor binds to the enzyme somewhere other than the active site, bending the active site out of shape so that it no longer fits the substrate.
What is the basic chemical formula for cellular respiration? List the reactants and product.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 >>>> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Reactants products
What is the basic chemical formula for photosynthesis? list reactants and products
6CO2 + 6H2O >>>> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants products
How does nondisjunction lead to individuals having more or fewer copies of genes than normal?
It happens when a pair of chromosomes or chromatids fail to separate during anaphase, which leads to gametes with more or fewer than the n number of chromosomes.
List the three types of cell-cell junction seen in animal cells, and the one seen in plant cells. Give a brief explanation
tight junctions- joins cells into waterproof layers
anchoring junctions- provides structural strength to layers of cells
gap junctions- direct connection between cytoplasm of adjacent cells
(plant) plasmodesmata- direct connection between cytoplasms of adjacent cells
What are the types of work the energy of ATP can be harnessed for in the cell? Define each of them
chemical work- ATP transfers one of its phosphate groups to another molecule, making that molecule more reactive
transport work- ATP transfers one of its phosphate groups to a pump protein, causing a change in the shape of the protein which moves a substance against its concentration gradient
mechanical work- ATP transfers one of its phosphate groups to a motor protein which causes a change in the shape of the protein which exerts a mechanical force
What are the phases NADH and FADH2 are made in, and in what phases are they being used.
What are their hydrogen ions being used for?
NADH gets made in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. It gets used in oxidative phosphorylation.
FADH2 gets made in the citric acid cycle, and it gets used in oxidative phosphorylation.
Their hydrogen are being used to give energy to the ATP synthase.
Where is light energy converted to chemical energy? What protein does it?
In the thylakoids. photosystems.
What are the ways in which meiosis and sexual reproduction increases genetic variety within a population? briefly define
1. independent arrangement of homologous chromosomes at metaphase
2. random fertilization of gametes
3. crossing over- swapping of DNA between pairs of homologous chromosomes during prophase I; allows organisms to pass on combinations of genes other than what they received from their own parents