Chapters 1,2,3
List the levels of structural organization (in order from smallest--- largest)
Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms
What are the 4 groups of tissue and their function
1. Epithelial; Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands.
2. Connective; Protects and supports the body and its organs. It binds organs together.
3. Muscular; Responsible for the production of movement.
4. Nervous; Initiates and transmits nerve impulses to coordinate body activities.
What are the 2 divisions of the human skeleton?
The skeleton is divided into an axial (brain and spinal cord) and appendicular (limbs) skeleton
Describe what multipolar looks like, what are the components and their functions
Cell body- control center, contains nucleus
Dendrites- Receive sensory information
Axon- Send sensory information away
Axon Terminals- Communication with other neurons/muscle cells
Myelin Sheath- Acts as an insulator and protects the axon. It prevents current flow through the membrane.
Nodes of Ranvier- These are the spaces between the Schwann cells which are open to current flow or uninsulated.
Name the 4 parts of the brain and their functions
1. Brain Stem Midbrain (visual reflexes), Pons (motor reflexes), Medulla Oblongata (vital involuntary reflexes)
2. Diencephalon,
Thalamus (sensory processing), Hypothalamus (control center-hormones)
3. Cerebrum- 4 lobes of the brain (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
4. Cerebellum- balance
The phospholipid bilayer is also called the cell membrane.
It is composed of polar heads (hydrophilic) and nonpolar tails (hydrophobic)
It regulates what enters and exits the cell
List the 5 layers of the epidermis in order from deep to superficial. (assume this is thick skin)
1. Stratum Basale; Single layer of cuboidal and columnar cells which multiply and push-up toward the surface.
2. Stratum Spinosum; Spiny layer, 8 to 10 rows of many sided cells that fit close together and have large central nuclei.
3. Stratum Granulosum; 3 to 5 rows of flattened cells which contain granules which begin keratin formation.
4. Stratum Lucidum; 1 to 2 rows of clear, flat, dead cells found in the thick skin of the soles and palms.
5. Stratum Corneum; 25 to 30 rows of flat, dead cells filled with keratin. These cells are continuously shed and replaced. They form a barrier to light, heat, bacteria and chemicals.
Name the 3 groups of muscles, whether they are voluntary or non-voluntary, striated or non-striated and an example of where they are located
Skeletal Muscle- voluntary, striated
Cardia Muscle- involuntary, striated
Smooth Muscle- involuntary, non-striated
Name the process of the reflex arch
Sensory input is received- travels to the spinal cord- is processed by the interneuron- transferred to a motor neuron, carries out the reflex
Describe the Blood Brain Barrier, its function and what neuroglia regulates it?
The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB); Controls the different rates of passage of various substances from the blood into the brain. It is made up of tiny blood vessels (capillaries) tightly packed together with neuroglia (astrocytes) and a basement membrane. This allows very small molecules to pass through, or those assisted by a carrier.
1.Carbohydrates- monosaccharides-->disaccharides-->polysaccharides
2.Lipids- Triglycerides-->glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids
3.Proteins-->amino acids
4.Nucleic Acids--> Nucleotides (A,T,C,G)
Identify the meaning of these vocab words regarding a long bone.
Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum, Medullary cavity, Endosteum
Diaphysis; Shaft, long portion of the bone.
Epiphysis; Ends of a bone.
Metaphysis; Area where diaphysis joins epiphysis.
Articular Cartilage; A layer of Hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis.
Periosteum; Covering around the rest of the bone
Medullary; / Medullary cavity, is the space within the diaphysis that contains marrow.
Endosteum; Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) that line the medullary cavity.
List the order of layers and covering of skeletal muscle fibers in order from superficial to deep
Action/Myosin filaments= myofilaments
Myofibril (individual muscle fiber)- covered by endomysium
Fascicle
Fasciculus- covered by perimysium
Epimysium- covers entire muscle
Describe the organization of the nervous system starting with the CNS and PNS
CNS- Central Nervous System (brain spinal cord)
PNS- Peripheral Nervous System (nerves that connect receptors with the CNS
Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent)
Somatic sensory . Somatic motor
Visceral sensory Autonomic motor
Sympathetic (ForF)
Parasympathetic (RorD)
Describe the difference between the basal nuclei system and the limbic system
The structures and interacting areas of the limbic system are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory. The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex. ... The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements.
Describe an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solution. In which does the cell crenate or lysis?
Isotonic- The total concentration of water molecules and solute molecules are the same on both sides of the cell membrane. Cell is unaffected
Hypotonic solution- Low concentration of solutes and a high concentration of water. Cell lysis (swells)
Hypertonic solution- High concentration of solutes and low concentration of water. Cell crenates (shrinks)
What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
Intramembranous; Occurs within fibrous membranes, Flat bones (cranial) and the Clavicles (collar bones).
Endochondral; Occurs within a cartilage model where cartilage degenerates giving way to bone. Hyaline cartilage-------Bone.
Name and describe the 6 groups of synovial joints and give 1 example of each
Gliding; Usually flat surfaces, motion is side to side, back and forth. ex. wrist and ankle bones, vertebrae, SI joints (sacro-iliac), ribs 2-7 with the sternum.
Hinge; Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface
of another. Motion is flexion, extension. ex. elbow, ankle, phalanges.
Pivot; Rounded, pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed by bone and a ligament. Motion is rotation. ex. Atlas-Axis, proximal ends of radius and ulna.
Ellipsoidal; Oval-shaped condyle of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another. Motion is flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction. ex. radius and carpals, metacarpals and proximal phalanges.
Saddle; Articular surface of both bones are saddle shaped or concave in one direction and convex in the other. Motion is similar to condyloid but with greater freedom. ex. trapezium and 1st metacarpal.
Ball and Socket; Ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with cup shaped socket of another. Motion is in all planes. ex. flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation.
Describe what happens during an action potential (use the graph)
Resting Membrane Potential - -70mV
A little bit of sodium enters leak channels
Threshold gets reached -55mV (all or nothing)
Depolarization- sodium channels open and rush into the membrane making it more positive
Peak is reached- sodium channels close
Repolarization- Potassium channels open, potassium leaves the cell making it more negative
Hyperpolarization- refractory period-- goes to negative so stimulus cannot happen again
What separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
What side of the brain control what side of the body
Corpus callosum
Right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and left side of the brain controls the right side of the body
List all 11 organ systems, one of their main functions, and one major organ
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive
Name the 4 main types of bone and one example of each.
Long; Arm (radius, ulna, humerus) and leg(femur, tibia, fibula) bones.
Short; Wrist and ankle bones.
Flat; Ribs, scapulae, some skull bones.
Irregular; Vertebrae, facial bones.
Describe what happens during a muscle contraction, include the sliding filament model
A nerve impulse travels over the sarcolemma and enters the T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The nerve impulse causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum which triggers the contractile process.
Calcium binds to the troponin on the actin. Tropomyosin moves to expose binding sites on the actin. The result is actin and myosin link-up to form the myosin cross-bridges. Myosin cross-bridges pull on actin (power-stroke).
This results in actin filaments sliding over myosin.
This causes the sarcomere to contract, pulling the z-discs together therefore causing the muscle fiber to shorten which causes a muscle to contract.
Describe the sodium-potassium pump and why it is needed
The cellular system by which Na+ and K+ ions are actively transported. The operation of this pump requires ATP--- helps to reset the resting membrane (3 sodium out, 2 potassium in)
Name all 12 cranial nerves in order and give a brief function
I. Olfactory Nerve; Smell , Sensory
II. Optic Nerve; Vision, Sensory
III. Oculomotor Nerve; Eye movement, proprioception, Motor / Sensory
IV. Trochlear Nerve; Eye movement, proprioception, Motor/ Sensory
V. Trigeminal Nerve; Chewing (mastication), touch, pain, temp., Motor / Sensory
VI. Abducens Nerve; Eye movement, proprioception, Motor / Sensory
VII. Facial Nerve; Facial expressions, taste, proprioception, Motor / Sensory
VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve; Cochlear branch- Hearing, Sensory Vestibular branch- Equilibrium, Sensory
IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve; Swallowing, taste, proprioception, Motor / Sensory
X. Vagus Nerve; Visceral muscle movement, proprioception from viscera Motor/ Sensory
XI. Accessory Nerve; Swallowing and head movements, Motor / Sensory
XII. Hypoglossal Nerve; Tongue movement, swallowing, proprioception, Motor/Sensory