Chapter 1
What are the components for building a hypothesis?
1. Independent variable
2. Dependent variable
3. Confounding variable
Who is the author for the original theory of natural selection?
Darwin
What are the 4 most common elements in life?
C,N,O,H
What are the two reactions used to assemble or break down polymers?
Dehydration and Hydrolysis
4
What is the difference between species and population?
Species- a group of organisms that can reproduce with each other to create fertile offspring
Population- a group of the same species of organisms living in the same geographical area
What is the multiple lines of evidence for a single common origin for all life?
Homology
It is the shared traits or structural features among different species due to a shared evolutionary ancestry.
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does 18F1- have?
Protons= 9
Neutrons= 9
Electrons= 10
What are the 2 reasons why carbon functions well as the basis for organic molecules?
- it forms 4 covalent bonds
- its 4 bonds form a 3D tetrahedral
What is the easiest way to make a hypothesis?
Use if/then statement.
What are the steps of the scientific method?
1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis
4. prediction
5. test of prediction
What are the three key phenomenon for Natural selection? Briefly explain each.
1. Heritability- traits passing down to offspring
2. Variation- different combinations of traits
3. Overproduction of offspring- producing more offspring than can possibly survive
What are the masses, charges, and key properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Protons= 1amu, positive, determines the element
Neutrons= 1amu, neutral, determines the isotope
Electrons= 0amu, negative, determines the charge
How many function groups do we learn about in chapter 3? Give 3 examples and draw the structure of each.
6 groups. Hydroxyl -OH, Carbonyl -C=O, Carboxyl group -COOH, Amino group -NH2, Phosphate group (-OPO3)2-, and Methyl -CH3
What are two ways genetic variation in a population can be increased?
Mutation and sexual reproduction
What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Similarities- they both have plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes
Differences- Eukaryotic has nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and they are larger in size
Prokaryotic is much smaller and simpler, does not have nucleus, and no membrane bound organelles.
What is natural selection? How is artificial selection different?
The differential reproductive success of individuals within a population, based on how well each individual's varied traits allowed it to deal with the selection pressures in its environment. Artificial selection is the same, but human preference is the selection pressure.
How is pH scale used to measure acidity/basicity, and what does acidity or basicity actually mean?
Lower than 7 is acidic, higher than 7 is basic, 7 is neutral.
Acidic means having
pH measures the [H+] concentration in a solution, acidic has high H+ and basic has low H+.
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Briefly explain
1. Primary structure- peptide bonds connect amino acids linearly
2. Secondary structures- local folding of the amino acid chain maintained by hydrogen bonds
3. Tertiary structure- overall 3D structure of a protein stabilized by interactions between R groups
4. Quaternary structures- polypeptides are associated into functional proteins
What are the key features of a hypothesis and a theory?
- Both hypothesis and a theory can be supported or refutes by evidence
- a hypothesis has little to no evidence pointing in either direction, but a theory has multiple lines of evidence pointing in its favor
- a hypothesis provides a possible explanation for a phenomena, while a theory provides a strong explanation for many phenomenon, and can be used to generate new hypotheses
What are the 7 defining characteristics of life? Give examples of each.
1. order- skin
2. reproduction- cell division
3. growth and development- cell growth
4. energy processing- cell respiration
5. regulation- thermoregulation
6. response to the environment- response to pain
7. evolutionary adaptation- changes over generations
How can sexual selection improve reproductive success even at the potential cost of survivability?
Sexual selection can improve reproductive success by allowing individuals with certain traits more likely to obtain mates.
What leads to covalent bonds being either polar or non-polar?
If the two atoms in a covalent bond have different electronegativity, the bond would be considered polar. The atom that is more electronegative would get a partial negative charge, and the atom that's less electronegative gets a partial positive charge.
If the two atoms have equal or very similar electronegativity, the atom would be non-polar.
What are the monomers, polymers, functions, and key properties, of each macromolecule?
Carbs: Monomers= monosaccharides. Polymers= polysaccharides. functions= energy. key properties= names usually end in "ose"
Fats/lipids: monomers=fatty acids, glycerol. polymers=triglycerides. functions= energy, energy storage, structure.
Proteins: Monomers= amino acid. Polymer= polypeptides. Functions= energy, structure, enzymes catalyzation,...etc. enzyme names end in "-ase"
Nucleic acids: monomers= nucleotides. polymer=polynucleotides. functions=information storage (DNA), information transfer (RNA), energy (ATP)
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic? What does amphipathic mean?
Hydrophilic (water loving)- dissolves in water due to having polar bonds
Hydrophobic (water hating)- does not dissolve in water due to having having almost entirely nonpolar bonds
Amphipathic- contains distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions