Body Fluids & Compartments
What is TBW?
Total Body Water
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of relatively constant conditions withinthe body's internal environment
What is a Secondary Endocrine Gland?
An organ whose hormone secretion is secondary to another function
What is Vasopressin?
Type of antidiureticormone from posterior pituitary that regulates urine output
What is Osmosis?
Passive movement of water across a membrane
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Defects in insulin production or signaling
Define Tissues
Group of similar cells performin the same function
Function of Alpha Cells
Secretes Glucagon
What is BMI?
Body Mass Index (Weight relative to Height)
What is TBW composed of?
Intracellular Fluid, Extracellular Fluid, Interstitial Fluid, Plasma
What is Positive Feedback?
Response goes in the same direction as the change set in motion
Give examples of secondary endocrine glands
Heart, liver, kidney
What is Histamine?
Hormone responsible for vasodilation and inflammation
What is Aquaporin?
Water membrane channels in most cells
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Excessive urine and lack of ADH
What are organs?
Two or more tissues forming a specific structure
Function of Beta Cells?
Secretes Insulin
What is normal BMI?
Less than 25 lb
What is the total amount of TBW?
42 Liters
What is Negative Feedback?
Response goes in the opposite direction of the change set in motion
What is a Tropic Hormone?
Hormones that regulate secretion of other hormones
What is a Hormone?
Chemical messenger released into interstitial fluid to target cells
What is Phagocytosis?
Cell engulfs microorganisms or foreign particles
What is Gestational Diabetes?
A subclass of type 2 diabetes that occurs during pregnancy
What is an Organ System?
Group of organs working together for a function
Function of Delta Cells?
Secretes Somastostatin
What is overweight BMI?
25-29lb
What is ICF?
Intracellular Fluid
What is an example of Positive Feedback?
Estrogen presence increases LH Hormone
What is the Infundibulum?
Stalk connecting hypothalamus to pituitary gland
What is Half-life of a hormone?
Time it takes for hald of it to degrade in blood
What is Pinocytosis?
Liquid/fluid intake by cells
What % of women get Gestational Diabetes?
4%
What are 4 major tissue types?
Epithelial, Muscular Nervous, Connective
Function of F Cells?
Secretes Pancreatic Polypetide
What is the function of Melatonin?
Regulates circadian rhythm
28 Liters (2/3 of TBW)
What is an example of Negative Feedback?
Blood glucose concentration
What are anterior pituitary glands controlled by?
Tropic hormones
What is the function of Oxytocin?
Milk ejection and uterine contraction
What is Endocytosis?
Uptake of material into a cell via vesicles
What is the normal blood glucose level?
100 (Range is 70-110mg/dl)
What tissue type are glands derived from?
Epithelial Tissue
What are the cells of the pancreas?
Alpha, Beta, Delta, F
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Albumin
What is ECF?
Extracellular Fluid
What is Heat Stroke?
Body temperature rises uncontrollably due to thermoregulation failure
I.e No sweat production —-> brain malfunction
What are posterior pituitary glands controlled by?
Neurons
What are the hormones of Posterior Pituitary?
ADH and Oxytocin
What is Exocytosis?
Transport of material out of the cell via vesicles
What is the precursor of steroids?
Cholesterol
What is Chromatin?
Uncoiled DNA
What are the secretions of the pancreas?
Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, Pancreatic Polypeptide
What is the concentration of Na+ and K+ in/out of cells?
Cells swell
How much ECF is in TBW?
14 Liters (1/3 of TBW)
What is Heat Exhaustion?
Body trying to get rid of excess heat
What is the Neurohypophysis?
Posterior pituitary gland
What are functions of ADH?
Water balance and osmolarity regulation
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
Passive transport via membrane channels or carrier proteins
What % of people worldwide are obese?
35%
What is the function of ATP Synthase?
Synthesizes ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
What is a Synergistic Hormone Response?
Combined hormone effect is greater than individual
Effect of hypotonic solution on cells?
Cells swell
What is ISF?
Interstitial Fluid
What is a Regulated Variable?
An aspect of physiology that is maintained, not free to vary
What is the Pineal gland hormone?
Melatonin - regulates cricadian rhythm
What is the function of Prolactin?
Stimulates milk production
What is Active Transport?
Molecules move against their concentration gradient
What are BMI ranges for Obesity?
30-39lb
What is the main byproduct of lipid metabolism?
Ketones
What is Acromegaly?
Excess GH fter growth finished
What is Secondary Active Transport?
Dependent on primary site; uses energy indirectly
How much ISF is in TBW?
11 Liters
Give an example of a Regulated Variable
Blood Pressure
Wht are the hormones of the Thyroid gland?
T3, T4 - metabolism; Calcitonin - lowers calcium
What does Growth Hormone (GH) do?
Stimulates bone and soft tissue growth
What is tha Na+/K+ pump?
Primary active transport system: 3 Na+ out 2 K+ in
What is Morbid Obesity BMI?
40lb or more overweight
What are the levels of organization?
Chemical → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ System → Organism
What is Autocrine hormone?
Secretory and target cell are the same
What is metabolism?
Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
How much plasma is in TBW?
3 Liters
What is pathophysiology?
Disruption of normal body function - abnormal function
What is ANP and its function?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide; reduces blood pressure
What hormone is produced by the heart?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Effect of hypertonic solutionon cells?
Cells shrink
Is Diabetes Mellitus increasing or decreasing?
Increasing (8%)
Where is most TBW located?
Intracellular Fluid
What is a Paracrine hormone?
Signals neighboring cells via diffusion
What is the function of FSH?
Stimulates follicle development and menstrual cycle(women); Stimulates tests to produce sperm and helps with their maturity(men)