Chapter 9
This is the specific name for a chemical messenger that carries a signal to a cell.
What is a ligand?
These are the three components that make up a single DNA nucleotide.
What are a Sugar, Phosphate group, and Nitrogenous base?
This term describes the division of the cell's cytoplasm, occurring after mitosis.
What is Cytokinesis?
This term describes a "normal" individual with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
What is euploid?
This type of signaling involves hormones being secreted into the bloodstream to reach distant target cells.
What is Endocrine signaling?
This cell structure is responsible for detecting and binding to the ligand.
What is a receptor?
DNA replication in human cells is described by this term because each new helix contains one old and one new strand.
What is semi-conservative?
During this specific part of Interphase, the cell undergoes DNA replication.
What is the S phase?
This condition, also known as Down Syndrome, occurs when an individual has three copies of chromosome 21.
What is trisomy 21?
Small, charged particles (ions) need these because they can't pass through the oily, hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane.
What are ion channels?
This stage of cell signaling involves moving the signal through a signaling pathway inside the cell.
What is transfer?
This enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases.
What is DNA Helicase?
In DNA compaction, these "beads on a string" are formed when DNA wraps around eight histone proteins.
What are nucleosomes?
This phenomenon, the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, is the cause of aneuploidy.
What is Nondisjunction?
This enzyme acts like an "off switch" by removing phosphate groups from proteins.
What is Phosphatase?
The correct four-step sequence of cell signaling stages, starting from the creation of the signal.
What is Produce → Transfer → Receive → Release?
These short segments of DNA are synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand.
What are Okazaki fragments?
While eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is found in this shape and located in the nucleoid.
What is circular
An individual with a "46, X" karyotype, missing one X chromosome, has this syndrome.
What is turners syndrome?
This specific programmed cell death occurs when a cell is damaged, infected by a virus, or no longer needed.
What is apoptosis?
The "Produce" stage of cell signaling is defined by this final outcome within the cell.
What is a Cellular response (or change occurring within the cell)?
This enzyme removes RNA primers and replaces them with newly synthesized DNA.
What is DNA Polymerase I?
This is the correct order of the three sub-phases of Interphase.
What is G1, S, and G2?
While deletions and duplications are structural changes, these two specific terms refer to changes in the number of individual chromosomes.
What are Trisomy and Monosomy?
This specific error occurs when chromosomes fail to separate, leading to "Aneuploidy" (the wrong number of chromosomes).
What is nondisjunction