Fermentation
T or F:
Glycolysis requires oxygen
False.
This makes it the only energy creating process that can be undergone without oxygen, requiring fermentation to continue.
Explain the difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis in terms of free energy.
Photosynthesis is an anabolic, endergonic reaction whereas cellular respiration is a catabolic, exergonic reaction.
Phosphate group and sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) stay the same. Nitrogenous base changes.
Define transcription. Determine the 3 steps to this process and describe in vague detail.
Transcription: making an RNA copy of a single DNA coding strand →a mRNA (protein coding RNA), mRNA is an exact copy of coding strand but with U in the place of T
Initiation: TATA box is found, transcription factors bind and begin transcribing
Elongation: RNA moves down and builds mRNA sequence
Termination: RNA is release and polymerase falls off DNA due to recruited proteins
Define translation. Determine the 3 steps to this process and describe in vague detail.
Translation: ribosomes read info from mRNA and look for sets of 3 nucleotides in a row to create a protein (3 to 1 code)
Initiation: small ribosomal subunit finds start codon and large ribosomal unit binds
Elongation: corresponding polypeptide joins on the A site to be connected to the chain being created in the P site before the tRNA exits
Termination: stop codon is read, a release factor (allowing for hydrolysis) enters the A site and ribosome comes apart, the polypeptide chain is free
There are negatives to Fermentation, identify one.
What is generating bad waste.
Give the inputs and outputs of either light reactions or Calvin Cycle (or both)!
Light reactions:
Inputs: Light, Water, NADP+, ADP+P
Outputs: O2, NADPH, ATP
Calvin Cycle:
Inputs: CO2, NADPH, ATP
Outputs: Sugar, NADP+, ADP+P
The difference between purines and pyrimadines.
Purines: six membered ring fused with a five membered ring
Pyrimadines: single six membered ring
In between transcription and translation these 3 things must occur for the mRNA to be mature
5' cap, 3' cap (polyA-tail), and splicing
Determine the direction the ribosome travels along the length of the mRNA.
5' -> 3' direction
Yeast would make less ATP than a human. Why?
Yeast does not have the CAC or ETC to produce more ATP, it relies on glycolysis which only produces 2 ATP and must use fermentation to keep the process of glycolysis going.
T or F:
Photosynthesis creates ATP for the cell to use for all of its functions
False.
Photosynthesis produces glucose for the plant to use in glycolysis to create ATP for the cell to use.
How do you determine the 5' vs the 3' end of a strand of DNA.
%' strand has a phosphate group while 3' strand has a OH group.
Determine which direction the DNA template is read, and the direction the RNA is built
DNA template: 3' -> 5'
RNA built: 5' ->3'
How can codon redundancy allow for less impact from silent mutations?
Because multiple codon sequences code for the same amino acid, one nucleotide can change, but still result in the same amino acid.
T or F:
Fermentation creates ATP directly.
What is False.
Fermentation regenerates NADH to NAD+ in order for glycolysis to continue making ATP
The 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle and a brief description.
Carbon fixation: catalyzed by rubisco (an enzyme) and fixes RuBP to CO2 (5 carbons + 1 carbon)
Reduction: energy from the light reactions are used to create sugar (G3P)
Regeneration: RuBP is regenerated from G3P via ATP
Importance of R-groups in proteins. How are these produced from Transcription and translation?
R groups allow for different interations and determines protein folding.
3 to 1 ratio where 3 codons code for a specific R group which produces a strand of DNA that will fold accordingly.
Transcription requires energy. What creates this energy?
RNA polymerase catalyzes formation of phosphodiester bond and hydrolysis of NTP (cutting away 2 phosphate groups-pyrophosphate) when the mRNA is being built
ENERGY = hydrolysis of pyrophosphate in exergonic reaction
Determine the different kinds of mutations that can occur and give a brief description of 2 of them.
Silent: change in nucleotide sequence that does not impact amino acid sequence
Missense: change in nucleotide sequence that results in a change in amino acid sequence
Non-sense: change in nucleotide sequence with a premature stop codon, leading to truncated amino acid sequence
Frameshift: result from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, results in shift of reading frame
Sarah is swimming a long race and her legs begin to burn and feel exhausted. This is called...
This process more commonly occurs in fungi and some bacteria
What is lactic acid fermentation.
This occurs when there is not enough oxygen consumed to continue aerobic respiration and fermentation much be utilized to create ATP.
Briefly describe the steps for light reaction.
1. Light creates excitation of electrons through Photosystem II
2. Electrons transferred to primary electron acceptor from the reaction center (p680)
3. Splitting of H2O (O2 formed and H+ released)
4. First ETC toward Photosystem 1, this makes ATP to fuel Calvin Cycle and other processes
5. Excitation of electrons in Photosystem 1
6. Electrons transferred to the primary electron acceptor (p700)
7. NADPH made through reduction goes to Calvin Cycle
Give the 4 nitrogenous bases, their pairs and the difference in their bonds. Determine which base changes for RNA.
Adenosine (A) and Thymine (T) pair. They have 2 hydrogen bonds.
Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) pair. They have 3 hydrogen bonds.
*IMPORTANT: a purine (A&G) and a pyrimidine (C&T) will always pair.
Thymine becomes Uracil in RNA
Transcribe the following sequence of nucleotides to a mRNA sequence:
3' CAA TAG GGA ACT GTC 5'
5' GUU AUC CCU UGA CAG 3'
The A site, P site and E site all have a specific function. Explain each one and how they connect.
The A site is where the tRNA enters the ribosome with the corresponding amino acid attached. As it moves to the P site, the amino acid connects to the growing polypeptide chain. It then moves tot he E site to be discarded from the ribosome.