Chapter 1
Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
Deductive: general -> specific
Inductive: specific -> general
True or False:
Isotopes have different numbers of protons
FALSE
Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons
What are isomers?
What are the three main types?
same molecular formula, different structure
1. Structural: different in bond arrangement
2. Geometric: different in spatial arrangement
3. Enantiomers: mirror images (asymmetrical carbon)
Levels of protein organization
Primary: amino acid chain
Secondary: H bonding->alpha helix or beta pleated
Tertiary: H, ionic, hydrophobic int., and covalent bonds in single chain
Quarternary: 2+ polypeptide chains
Structure of Nucleotides
5 Carbon Sugar
Nitrogenous Base
Phosphate group
List the major themes of biology
1. Biological systems interact
2. Structure and function are inter-related
3.Info transmitted in and among organisms
4. Life depends on the continuous input of energy
5. Evolution process changes populations over time
Covalent vs. Ionic
Covalent: share electrons
Ionic: gain or loss of electrons
-Cations
-Anions
What kind of macromolecule is glucose?
Carbohydrate (monosaccharide; most abundant)
Triacylglycerols
Lipids
Body fat in humans
Made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Nucleotide in DNA vs. RNA
DNA: sugar is deoxyribose; thymine
RNA: sugar is ribose; uracil
List the characteristics of life
1. Composed of cells
2. Grow and Develop
3. Regulate metabolic processes
4. Respond to stimuli
5. Reproduce
How does electronegativity effect bond formation and activity?
establishes amount of attraction for electrons
nonpolar-same EN
polar-different EN
Characteristics of carbohydrates
1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
Monomer: monosaccharide
Polymer: polysaccharide
Glycosidic linkages
(Aldehyde-double bonded O on end C)
(Ketone-double bonded O on internal C)
Phospholipids
Lipid
Biological membranes
Made up of glycerol, phosphate group, and 2 fatty acid chains
Nitrogenous Bases
Purines: adenine, guanine
-double ringed
Pyrimidines: thymine, uracil, cytosine
-single ringed
List the levels of biological organization in order
Atom -> Molecule -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism
An element has the atomic number 32 and an atomic mass of 89.678; how many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in a uncharged atom?
p-32
e-32
n-58
Characteristics of Lipids
Made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Ester linkages
Saturated fatty acids: max # of hydrogens; solid @ room temp
Unsaturated fatty acids: double bond; liquid @ room temp
Structure of amino acids
Amino Group (NH2), Carboxyl Group (COOH), R Side Chain
Common Polysaccharides
Starches (E storage plants)
Glycogen (E storage animals)
Celulose (structural)
What is the main advantage and disadvantage of the two different types of reproduction?
Sexual: genetic variation BUT longer amount of time, need 2 organisms
Asexual: fast, only needs one organism BUT no genetic variation
Explain how polar and nonpolar compounds act in water respectively.
Polar: soluble in water
Nonpolar: not soluble in water
Characteristics of Proteins
Monomer: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptide chains
Peptide bonds between carboxyl carbon and amino nitrogen
Enzymes: accelerate chemical rxns
Characteristics of Nucleic Acids
Monomer: nucleotides
Polymer: nucleic acids
transmit hereditary info
Phosphodiester bonds
Trans Fatty Acids